{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T06:10:33Z","timestamp":1791439833491,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]],"date-time":"2019-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nutriset SAS, National Association of Research and Technology, CIFRE convention, Charles Nicole Foundation.","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Undernutrition is a major public health problem leading to 1 in 5 of all deaths in children under 5 years. Undernutrition leads to growth stunting and\/or wasting and is often associated with environmental enteric dysfunction (EED). EED mechanisms leading to growth failure include intestinal hyperpermeability, villus blunting, malabsorption and gut inflammation. As non-invasive methods for investigating gut function in undernourished children are limited, pre-clinical models are relevant to elucidating the pathophysiological processes involved in undernutrition and EED, and to identifying novel therapeutic strategies. In many published models, undernutrition was induced using protein or micronutrient deficient diets, but these experimental models were not associated with EED. Enteropathy models mainly used gastrointestinal injury triggers. These models are presented in this review. We found only a few studies investigating the combination of undernutrition and enteropathy. This highlights the need for further developments to establish an experimental model reproducing the impact of undernutrition and enteropathy on growth, intestinal hyperpermeability and inflammation, that could be suitable for preclinical evaluation of innovative therapeutic intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]],"date-time":"2019-09-17T03:31:46Z","timestamp":1568691106000},"page":"2233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Animal Models of Undernutrition and Enteropathy as Tools for Assessment of Nutritional Intervention"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Emmeline","family":"Salameh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UniRouen, Inserm UMR 1073 Nutrition, Inflammation and Gut-Brain Axis, Normandie University, 76183 Rouen, France"},{"name":"Nutriset SAS, 76770 Malaunay, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanny B.","family":"Morel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutriset SAS, 76770 Malaunay, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamane","family":"Zeilani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutriset SAS, 76770 Malaunay, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"D\u00e9chelotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UniRouen, Inserm UMR 1073 Nutrition, Inflammation and Gut-Brain Axis, Normandie University, 76183 Rouen, France"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Rouen University Hospital, 76183 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3006-5943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Marion-Letellier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UniRouen, Inserm UMR 1073 Nutrition, Inflammation and Gut-Brain Axis, Normandie University, 76183 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF), World Health Organization, and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank (2018). Levels and Trends in Child Malnutrition: Key Findings of the 2018 Edition of the Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates, World Health Organization. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60937-X","article-title":"Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"382","author":"Black","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61692-4","article-title":"Maternal and Child Undernutrition Study Group Maternal and child undernutrition: Consequences for adult health and human capital","volume":"371","author":"Victora","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60950-8","article-title":"Child undernutrition, tropical enteropathy, toilets, and handwashing","volume":"374","author":"Humphrey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.07.017","article-title":"Impaired Barrier Function and Autoantibody Generation in Malnutrition Enteropathy in Zambia","volume":"22","author":"Amadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farr\u00e0s, M., Chandwe, K., Mayneris-Perxachs, J., Amadi, B., Louis-Auguste, J., Besa, E., Zyambo, K., Guerrant, R., Kelly, P., and Swann, J.R. (2018). Characterizing the metabolic phenotype of intestinal villus blunting in Zambian children with severe acute malnutrition and persistent diarrhea. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192092"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.130518","article-title":"Mortality in children with complicated severe acute malnutrition is related to intestinal and systemic inflammation: An observational cohort study","volume":"104","author":"Attia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S239","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu457","article-title":"Assessment of environmental enteropathy in the MAL-ED cohort study: Theoretical and analytic framework","volume":"59","author":"Kosek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7598-3_36","article-title":"Analysis of Transgenerational Phenotypes Following Acute Starvation in AMPK-Deficient C. elegans","volume":"1732","author":"Demoinet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.117.250803","article-title":"Modifying the Dietary Carbohydrate-to-Protein Ratio Alters the Postprandial Macronutrient Oxidation Pattern in Liver of AMPK-Deficient Mice","volume":"147","author":"Even","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00119-16","article-title":"Impact of Childhood Malnutrition on Host Defense and Infection","volume":"30","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512005302","article-title":"Effect of a probiotic fermented milk on the thymus in Balb\/c mice under non-severe protein-energy malnutrition","volume":"110","author":"Galdeano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0440-5","article-title":"Predominant gut Lactobacillus murinus strain mediates anti-inflammaging effects in calorie-restricted mice","volume":"6","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.06.090","article-title":"Effects of mild calorie restriction on lipid metabolism and inflammation in liver and adipose tissue","volume":"490","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0531-5565(92)90059-9","article-title":"Effect of aging and caloric restriction on intestinal permeability","volume":"27","author":"Ma","year":"1992","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehus, A.A., and Picklo, M.J. (2017). Brain and Hepatic Mt mRNA Is Reduced in Response to Mild Energy Restriction and n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Deficiency in Juvenile Rats. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9101145"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.02.080","article-title":"Chronic food restriction in young rats results in depression- and anxiety-like behaviors with decreased expression of serotonin reuptake transporter","volume":"1150","author":"Jahng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.194142","article-title":"Postnatal Prebiotic Fiber Intake in Offspring Exposed to Gestational Protein Restriction Has Sex-Specific Effects on Insulin Resistance and Intestinal Permeability in Rats","volume":"144","author":"Hallam","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201800079R","article-title":"Maternal protein restriction induces gastrointestinal dysfunction and enteric nervous system remodeling in rat offspring","volume":"33","author":"Aubert","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Mou, D., Hu, L., Zhen, J., Che, L., Fang, Z., Xu, S., Lin, Y., Feng, B., and Li, J. (2017). Effects of Maternal Low-Energy Diet during Gestation on Intestinal Morphology, Disaccharidase Activity, and Immune Response to Lipopolysaccharide Challenge in Pig Offspring. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9101115"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.116822","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction modifies the developmental pattern of intestinal structure, transcriptomic profile, and bacterial colonization in neonatal pigs","volume":"140","author":"Kloareg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5238134","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5238134","article-title":"Structure and Function of Enterocyte in Intrauterine Growth Retarded Pig Neonates","volume":"2017","author":"Ferenc","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4856","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-7904","article-title":"Effects of maternal protein or energy restriction during late gestation on immune status and responses to lipopolysaccharide challenge in postnatal young goats","volume":"92","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i20.2833","article-title":"Effects of glutamine supplementation on gut barrier, glutathione content and acute phase response in malnourished rats during inflammatory shock","volume":"13","author":"Belmonte","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7806","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8806","article-title":"Diet and specific microbial exposure trigger features of environmental enteropathy in a novel murine model","volume":"6","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001324","article-title":"Protein Malnutrition During Juvenile Age Increases Ileal and Colonic Permeability in the Rat","volume":"64","author":"Ariz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatric Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalvi, P.S., Yang, S., Swain, N., Kim, J., Saha, S., Bourdon, C., Zhang, L., Chami, R., and Bandsma, R.H.J. (2018). Long-term metabolic effects of malnutrition: Liver steatosis and insulin resistance following early-life protein restriction. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199916"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.54.371","article-title":"Protein-energy malnutrition modifies the production of interleukin-10 in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a murine model","volume":"54","author":"Fock","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitam."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.131797","article-title":"Protein- and zinc-deficient diets modulate the murine microbiome and metabolic phenotype","volume":"104","author":"Bolick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-016-0424-1","article-title":"Intravenous Glutamine Administration Modulates TNF-\u03b1\/IL-10 Ratio and Attenuates NFkB Phosphorylation in a Protein Malnutrition Model","volume":"39","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-11-51","article-title":"Protein energy malnutrition increases arginase activity in monocytes and macrophages","volume":"11","author":"Corware","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ueno, P.M., Ori\u00e1, R.B., Maier, E.A., Guedes, M., Azevedo, O.G.D., Wu, D., Willson, T., Hogan, S.P., Lima, A.A.M., and Guerrant, R.L. (2011). Alanyl-glutamine promotes intestinal epithelial cell homeostasis in vitro and in a murine model of weanling undernutrition. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol., 612\u2013622.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00531.2010"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5340","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20165340","article-title":"Impact of acute undernutrition on growth, ileal morphology and nutrient transport in a murine model","volume":"49","author":"Sampaio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.01.024","article-title":"Sialylated Milk Oligosaccharides Promote Microbiota-Dependent Growth in Models of Infant Undernutrition","volume":"164","author":"Charbonneau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"May, T., Klatt, K.C., Smith, J., Castro, E., Manary, M., Caudill, M.A., Jahoor, F., and Fiorotto, M.L. (2018). Choline Supplementation Prevents a Hallmark Disturbance of Kwashiorkor in Weanling Mice Fed a Maize Vegetable Diet: Hepatic Steatosis of Undernutrition. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050653"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"543","article-title":"Malnutrition induces gut atrophy and increases hepatic fat infiltration: Studies in a pig model of childhood malnutrition","volume":"5","author":"Lykke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.4161\/19490976.2014.969642","article-title":"Zinc deficiency alters host response and pathogen virulence in a mouse model of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli-induced diarrhea","volume":"5","author":"Bolick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.5.1412S","article-title":"Zinc deficiency impairs immune responses against parasitic nematode infections at intestinal and systemic sites","volume":"130","author":"Scott","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276ra24","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa4877","article-title":"Functional characterization of IgA-targeted bacterial taxa from undernourished Malawian children that produce diet-dependent enteropathy","volume":"7","author":"Kau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"416","article-title":"Maternal and socioeconomic factors and the risk of severe malnutrition in a child: A case-control study","volume":"48","author":"Islam","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431X20122561","article-title":"Maternal protein restriction affects gene expression and enzyme activity of intestinal disaccharidases in adult rat offspring","volume":"46","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2016.1177320","article-title":"Protein malnutrition during pregnancy alters maternal behavior and anxiety-like behavior in offspring","volume":"20","author":"Batista","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crossland, R.F., Balasa, A., Ramakrishnan, R., Mahadevan, S.K., Fiorotto, M.L., and Van den Veyver, I.B. (2017). Chronic Maternal Low-Protein Diet in Mice Affects Anxiety, Night-Time Energy Expenditure and Sleep Patterns, but Not Circadian Rhythm in Male Offspring. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170127"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(97)00109-0","article-title":"Maternal protein restriction early in rat pregnancy alters brain development in the progeny","volume":"103","author":"Gressens","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.03.009","article-title":"Malnutrition and brain development: An analysis of the effects of inadequate diet during different stages of life in rat","volume":"36","author":"Alamy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2017.03.005","article-title":"Maternal low-protein diet decreases brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in the brains of the neonatal rat offspring","volume":"45","author":"Marwarha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22798","article-title":"Hippocampal mechanisms in impaired spatial learning and memory in male offspring of rats fed a low-protein isocaloric diet in pregnancy and\/or lactation","volume":"28","author":"Quirarte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7398","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1721876115","article-title":"Mouse maternal protein restriction during preimplantation alone permanently alters brain neuron proportion and adult short-term memory","volume":"115","author":"Gould","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R310","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00116.2014","article-title":"Leucine acts in the brain to suppress food intake but does not function as a physiological signal of low dietary protein","volume":"307","author":"Laeger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07498-w","article-title":"Low protein-induced increases in FGF21 drive UCP1-dependent metabolic but not thermoregulatory endpoints","volume":"7","author":"Hill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25145","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25145","article-title":"Low protein diets produce divergent effects on energy balance","volume":"6","author":"Pezeshki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.09.008","article-title":"Protein deficiency reduces efficacy of oral attenuated human rotavirus vaccine in a human infant fecal microbiota transplanted gnotobiotic pig model","volume":"36","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2017.08.025","article-title":"Protein energy malnutrition alters mucosal IgA responses and reduces mucosal vaccine efficacy in mice","volume":"190","author":"Rho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-009-9163-x","article-title":"Effects of Protein-Energy Malnutrition on NF-KappaB Signalling in Murine Peritoneal Macrophages","volume":"33","author":"Fock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17067","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.67","article-title":"Severe childhood malnutrition","volume":"3","author":"Bhutta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"533","article-title":"A regional basic diet from Northeast Brazil as a dietary model of experimental malnutrition","volume":"XL","author":"Lago","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch. Latinoam. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-010-8681-6","article-title":"Bioavailability of iron in the regional basic diet (RBD) with dietary supplement in Brazil","volume":"140","author":"Brigide","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Queiroz, C.A., Fonseca, S.G.C., Frota, P.B., Figueiredo, I.L., Arag\u00e3o, K.S., Magalh\u00e3es, C.E.C., de Carvalho, C.B., Lima, A.\u00c2.M., Ribeiro, R.A., and Guerrant, R.L. (2014). Zinc treatment ameliorates diarrhea and intestinal inflammation in undernourished rats. BMC Gastroenterol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-14-136"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004820","article-title":"Cryptosporidium Priming Is More Effective than Vaccine for Protection against Cryptosporidiosis in a Murine Protein Malnutrition Model","volume":"10","author":"Bartelt","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.8.48.423","article-title":"A nutritional disease of childhood associated with a maize diet","volume":"8","author":"Williams","year":"1933","journal-title":"Arch. Dis Child."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1159\/000487603","article-title":"A Novel Concept of Amino Acid Supplementation to Improve the Growth of Young Malnourished Male Rats","volume":"72","author":"Furuta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-96-23527","article-title":"A kwashiorkor-like syndrome observed in monkeys fed maize","volume":"96","author":"Follis","year":"1957","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1179\/2046905514Y.0000000151","article-title":"Zinc deficiency in infants and children: A review of its complex and synergistic interactions","volume":"34","author":"Krebs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Paediatr. Int. Child. Health"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/107.5.896","article-title":"Effect of zinc deficiency on the ultrastructure of the pancreatic acinar cell and intestinal epithelium in the rat","volume":"107","author":"Koo","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/115.7.900","article-title":"Differential absorption of zinc and low-molecular-weight ligands in the rat gut in protein-energy malnutrition","volume":"115","author":"Wapnir","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02784169","article-title":"Growth characteristics in laboratory animals fed zinc-deficient, copper-deficient, of histidine-supplemented diets","volume":"55","author":"Veldhuizen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, W., Zhao, Y., Sun, X., Song, Z., McClain, C.J., and Zhou, Z. (2013). Dietary zinc deficiency exaggerates ethanol-induced liver injury in mice: Involvement of intrahepatic and extrahepatic factors. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076522"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"1","article-title":"A murine model of diarrhea, growth impairment and metabolic disturbances with Shigella flexneri infection and the role of zinc deficiency","volume":"10","author":"Ledwaba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14691","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005963107","article-title":"Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa","volume":"107","author":"Cavalieri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13421","article-title":"Persistent gut microbiota immaturity in malnourished Bangladeshi children","volume":"510","author":"Subramanian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E8489","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1806573115","article-title":"Stunted childhood growth is associated with decompartmentalization of the gastrointestinal tract and overgrowth of oropharyngeal taxa","volume":"115","author":"Vonaesch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartelt, L.A., Bolick, D.T., Mayneris-Perxachs, J., Kolling, G.L., Medlock, G.L., Zaenker, E.I., Donowitz, J., Thomas-Beckett, R.V., Rogala, A., and Carroll, I.M. (2017). Cross-modulation of pathogen-specific pathways enhances malnutrition during enteric co-infection with Giardia lamblia and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006471"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1229000","article-title":"Gut microbiomes of Malawian twin pairs discordant for kwashiorkor","volume":"339","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2013.09.003","article-title":"A fresh look at the hygiene hypothesis: How intestinal microbial exposure drives immune effector responses in atopic disease","volume":"25","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10213","article-title":"Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system","volume":"474","author":"Kau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01629-5","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis: Biology, pathogenesis and disease","volume":"4","author":"Tzipori","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01630-1","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis: Epidemiology and impact","volume":"4","author":"Dillingham","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.07.006","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in children","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7227","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01576-08","article-title":"Inferences about the global population structures of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis","volume":"74","author":"Tanriverdi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1086\/514247","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in northeastern Brazilian children: Association with increased diarrhea morbidity","volume":"177","author":"Agnew","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.61.707","article-title":"Association of early childhood diarrhea and cryptosporidiosis with impaired physical fitness and cognitive function four-seven years later in a poor urban community in northeast Brazil","volume":"61","author":"Guerrant","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-8206.2003.00169.x","article-title":"Parasitic diarrhea in normal and malnourished children","volume":"17","author":"Gendrel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fundam. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1086\/587658","article-title":"The interaction between nutrition and infection","volume":"46","author":"Katona","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1411.1","article-title":"Cryptospordium Infection Causes Undernutrition and Conversly, Weanling Undernutrition Intensifies Infection","volume":"94","author":"Coutinho","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2848.1","article-title":"Cryptosporidium-malnutrition interactions: Mucosal disruption, cytokines, and TLR signaling in a weaned murine model","volume":"97","author":"Costa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix234","article-title":"Increased Urinary Trimethylamine N-Oxide Following Cryptosporidium Infection and Protein Malnutrition Independent of Microbiome Effects","volume":"216","author":"Bolick","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02763049","article-title":"Parasitic etiology of childhood diarrhea","volume":"73","author":"Tinuade","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatr"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2016.07.019","article-title":"An up-date on Giardia and giardiasis","volume":"34","author":"Einarsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2111-y","article-title":"Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: Current and future challenges","volume":"10","author":"Squire","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caron, Y., Hong, R., Gauthier, L., Laillou, A., Wieringa, F.T., Berger, J., and Poirot, E. (2018). Stunting, Beyond Acute Diarrhoea: Giardia Duodenalis, in Cambodia. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101420"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S213","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu541","article-title":"Use of the lactulose to mannitol ratio to evaluate childhood environmental enteric dysfunction: A systematic review","volume":"59","author":"Denno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1992.tb12128.x","article-title":"Giardiasis causing chronic diarrhoea in suburban Copenhagen: Incidence, physical growth, clinical symptoms and small intestinal abnormality","volume":"81","author":"Hjelt","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2002599","article-title":"Poor intestinal permeability in mildly stunted Nepali children: Associations with weaning practices and Giardia lamblia infection","volume":"88","author":"Goto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1159\/000199244","article-title":"Intestinal uptake of nutrients in normal and malnourished animals infected with Giardia lamblia","volume":"32","author":"Upadhyay","year":"1985","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.2307\/3282675","article-title":"Effects of murine giardiasis on growth, intestinal morphology, and disaccharidase activity","volume":"76","author":"Buret","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.2000.4514","article-title":"Giardia lamblia: Effect of infection with symptomatic and asymptomatic isolates on the growth of gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)","volume":"95","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5196-x","article-title":"Prebiotic inulin supplementation modulates the immune response and restores gut morphology in Giardia duodenalis-infected malnourished mice","volume":"115","author":"Shukla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1139\/W10-110","article-title":"Lactobacillus casei as a probiotic in malnourished Giardia lamblia-infected mice: A biochemical and histopathological study","volume":"57","author":"Shukla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI67294","article-title":"lamblia impairs growth in a murine malnutrition model","volume":"123","author":"Bartelt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e564","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00151-5","article-title":"Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhoea in developing countries: A multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED)","volume":"3","author":"Babji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S271","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis762","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between Giardia lamblia and endemic pediatric diarrhea in developing countries","volume":"55","author":"Muhsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.02.024","article-title":"MAL-ED Network Investigators Causal Pathways from Enteropathogens to Environmental Enteropathy: Findings from the MAL-ED Birth Cohort Study","volume":"18","author":"Kosek","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1319","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30351-6","article-title":"Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to investigate the effect of enteropathogen infections on linear growth in children in low-resource settings: Longitudinal analysis of results from the MAL-ED cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Rogawski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"(2019, April 20). Diarrhoeal Disease. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/diarrhoeal-disease."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1177\/0379572116629024","article-title":"Undernourished Children and Milk Lactose","volume":"37","author":"Grenov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"211","article-title":"Histological changes in intestine in semichronic diarrhoea induced by lactose enriched diet in rats: Effect of Diarex-Vet","volume":"41","author":"Mitra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-959694","article-title":"Antidiarrhoeic Activity of Euphorbia hirta Extract and Isolation of an Active Flavonoid Constituent","volume":"59","author":"Galvez","year":"1993","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-009-0036-8","article-title":"Effects of galacto-oligosaccharide ingestion on the mucosa-associated mucins and sucrase activity in the small intestine of mice","volume":"48","author":"Leforestier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-060713-035600","article-title":"Biosynthesis and export of bacterial lipopolysaccharides","volume":"83","author":"Whitfield","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2013.97","article-title":"Recognition of lipopolysaccharide pattern by TLR4 complexes","volume":"45","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00090.2015","article-title":"A low-protein diet combined with low-dose endotoxin leads to changes in glucose homeostasis in weanling rats","volume":"309","author":"Bandsma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2012007500151","article-title":"Impairment of the hematological response and interleukin-1?? production in protein-energy malnourished mice after endotoxemia with lipopolysaccharide","volume":"45","author":"Fock","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2015.04.004","article-title":"Prenatal undernutrition increases the febrile response to lipopolysaccharides in adulthood in male rats","volume":"44","author":"Iwasa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.2.166","article-title":"Induction and modulation of acute-phase response by protein malnutrition in rats: Comparative effect of systemic and localized inflammation on interleukin-6 and acute-phase protein synthesis","volume":"128","author":"Lyoumi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00180","article-title":"Gardenia Decoction Prevent Intestinal Mucosal Injury by Inhibiting Pro-inflammatory Cytokines and NF-\u03baB Signaling","volume":"10","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9867150","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9867150","article-title":"Tanshinone IIA Sodium Sulfonate Attenuates LPS-Induced Intestinal Injury in Mice","volume":"2018","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.15.0534","article-title":"Effect of Polysaccharides from Acanthopanax senticosus on Intestinal Mucosal Barrier of Escherichia coli Lipopolysaccharide Challenged Mice","volume":"29","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.10.056","article-title":"Lovastatin inhibits visceral allodynia and increased colonic permeability induced by lipopolysaccharide or repeated water avoidance stress in rats","volume":"818","author":"Nozu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25435","article-title":"LPS Induces Hyper-Permeability of Intestinal Epithelial Cells","volume":"232","author":"Bein","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.10.014","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide Causes an Increase in Intestinal Tight Junction Permeability in Vitro and in Vivo by Inducing Enterocyte Membrane Expression and Localization of","volume":"182","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4999","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402598","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide Regulation of Intestinal Tight Junction Permeability Is Mediated by TLR4 Signal Transduction Pathway Activation of FAK and MyD88","volume":"195","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-013-0593-4","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-induced failure of the gut barrier is site-specific and inhibitable by growth hormone","volume":"62","author":"Yue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2016.08.016","article-title":"GYY4137 ameliorates intestinal barrier injury in a mouse model of endotoxemia","volume":"118","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2016.07.004","article-title":"Sulforaphane induces neurovascular protection against a systemic inflammatory challenge via both Nrf2-dependent and independent pathways","volume":"85","author":"Holloway","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vasc. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.08.002","article-title":"Age and sex differences in immune response following LPS treatment in mice","volume":"58","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/94.4.252","article-title":"Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs as Anticancer Agents: Mechanistic, Pharmacologic, and Clinical Issues","volume":"94","author":"Thun","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"423","article-title":"The Use of Medicines in the United States: A Detailed Review","volume":"5","author":"Nash","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. Health Drug Benefits"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-014-0377-1","article-title":"Environmental and NSAID-enteropathy: Dysbiosis as a common factor","volume":"16","author":"Syer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(04)00603-2","article-title":"Visible small-intestinal mucosal injury in chronic NSAID users","volume":"3","author":"Graham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1159\/000190403","article-title":"Evaluation of small bowel injury in patients with rheumatoid arthritis by capsule endoscopy: Effects of anti-rheumatoid arthritis drugs","volume":"78","author":"Sugimori","year":"2008","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.041715","article-title":"Role of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 inhibition in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced intestinal damage in rats: Relation to various pathogenic events","volume":"303","author":"Tanaka","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Exp."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mog.0000153314.51198.58","article-title":"Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the small intestine","volume":"21","author":"Fortun","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90667-2","article-title":"Side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the small and large intestine in humans","volume":"104","author":"Bjarnason","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.16232","article-title":"Preventative effects of sodium alginate on indomethacin-induced small-intestinal injury in mice","volume":"13","author":"Horibe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-016-1205-1","article-title":"Psychological stress exacerbates NSAID-induced small bowel injury by inducing changes in intestinal microbiota and permeability via glucocorticoid receptor signaling","volume":"52","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33992","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33992","article-title":"Mitigation of indomethacin-induced gastrointestinal damages in fat-1 transgenic mice via gate-keeper action of $\u00f8mega$-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids","volume":"6","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2017.08.001","article-title":"Polysaccharides derived from Ganoderma lucidum fungus mycelia ameliorate indomethacin-induced small intestinal injury via induction of GM-CSF from macrophages","volume":"320","author":"Nagai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl15251","article-title":"The Effect of DA-6034 on Intestinal Permeability in an Indomethacin- Induced Small Intestinal Injury Model","volume":"10","author":"Kwak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-006-0149-2","article-title":"Role of bile in pathogenesis of indomethacin-induced enteropathy","volume":"81","author":"Jacob","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2016.1156827","article-title":"The microbiota-derived metabolite indole decreases mucosal inflammation and injury in a murine model of NSAID enteropathy","volume":"7","author":"Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0701968","article-title":"Increase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha production linked to the toxicity of indomethacin for the rat small intestine","volume":"124","author":"Bertrand","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-005-2914-0","article-title":"Inhibition of TNF-alpha improves indomethacin-induced enteropathy in rats by modulating iNOS expression","volume":"50","author":"Saud","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.125963","article-title":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced small intestinal damage is Toll-like receptor 4 dependent","volume":"57","author":"Watanabe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.1999.0550","article-title":"Roles of enterobacteria, nitric oxide and neutrophil in pathogenesis of indomethacin-induced small intestinal lesions in rats","volume":"40","author":"Konaka","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/9\/2233\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:20:43Z","timestamp":1760188843000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/9\/2233"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]]},"references-count":144,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu11092233"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11092233","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]]}}}