{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:29:26Z","timestamp":1785536966711,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,29]],"date-time":"2019-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004686","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Faisal University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17122012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17122012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammatory bowel disease is a multifactorial inflammatory condition. This study aimed to test the protective effects of Spirulina platensis against ulcerative colitis (UC). UC was induced in thirty-six male Wistar rats by adding dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to their drinking water, while a control group received only drinking water. UC rats were equally-divided into six groups that received a single oral daily dose of vehicle (DSS), sulfasalazine (SSZ, 50 mg\/kg\/day), chloroform or the hydroalcoholic extracts of Spirulina platensis (100 or 200 mg\/kg\/day) for 15 days, and then blood and colon samples were harvested for determination of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and histopathology. At the end of the study, compared to time-matched controls, UC rats showed increased TNF-\u03b1 (1.64-fold), IL-6 (5.73-fold), ESR (3.18-fold), and MPO (1.61-fold), along with loss of body weight (24.73%) and disease activity index (1.767 \u00b1 0.216 vs. 0 \u00b1 0), p &lt; 0.001. These effects were prevented by SSZ treatment (p &lt; 0.001 vs. DSS). The hydroalcoholic extract of Spirulina platensis dose-dependently modulated all DSS-induced inflammatory changes. However, the chloroform extract significantly lowered only IL-6 and ESR, but not TNF-\u03b1 or MPO levels. The protective effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Spirulina platensis against experimental UC involved mitigation of DSS-induced inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]],"date-time":"2019-09-30T05:58:33Z","timestamp":1569823113000},"page":"2309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Protective Effect of Spirulina platensis Extract against Dextran-Sulfate-Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6752-9094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Morsy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, El-Minia 61511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2980-7791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumeet","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133203, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2850-8669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anroop B.","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0680-1549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharigatta N.","family":"Venugopala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0787-7070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"Greish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Princess Al-Jawhara Centre for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5971-1104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"El-Daly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, El-Minia 61511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1403718","article-title":"Cancers Complicating Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"372","author":"Beaugerie","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. 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