{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T11:47:13Z","timestamp":1791546433085,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TRR 241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TRR 241"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRK 2318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRK 2318"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Deutsche Z\u00f6liakie Gesellschaft","award":["DZG 2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DZG 2017"]}]},{"name":"Dr. Sch\u00e4r","award":["2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gluten-related disorders include distinct disease entities, namely celiac disease, wheat-associated allergy and non-celiac gluten\/wheat sensitivity. Despite having in common the contact of the gastrointestinal mucosa with components of wheat and other cereals as a causative factor, these clinical entities have distinct pathophysiological pathways. In celiac disease, a T-cell mediate immune reaction triggered by gluten ingestion is central in the pathogenesis of the enteropathy, while wheat allergy develops as a rapid immunoglobulin E- or non-immunoglobulin E-mediated immune response. In non-celiac wheat sensitivity, classical adaptive immune responses are not involved. Instead, recent research has revealed that an innate immune response to a yet-to-be-defined antigen, as well as the gut microbiota, are pivotal in the development in this disorder. Although impairment of the epithelial barrier has been described in all three clinical conditions, its role as a potential pathogenetic co-factor, specifically in celiac disease and non-celiac wheat sensitivity, is still a matter of investigation. This article gives a short overview of the mucosal barrier of the small intestine, summarizes the aspects of barrier dysfunction observed in all three gluten-related disorders and reviews literature data in favor of a primary involvement of the epithelial barrier in the development of celiac disease and non-celiac wheat sensitivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T11:11:16Z","timestamp":1569928276000},"page":"2325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":120,"title":["Intestinal Barrier Function in Gluten-Related Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5645-8307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle","family":"Cardoso-Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious diseases, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charit\u00e9\u2014University Medicine, 12203 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Delbue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious diseases, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charit\u00e9\u2014University Medicine, 12203 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Itzlinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious diseases, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charit\u00e9\u2014University Medicine, 12203 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9e","family":"Moerkens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebo","family":"Withoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Branchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious diseases, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charit\u00e9\u2014University Medicine, 12203 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Schumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious diseases, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charit\u00e9\u2014University Medicine, 12203 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.193482","article-title":"The mucosal barrier at a glance","volume":"130","author":"France","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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