{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T11:34:38Z","timestamp":1766748878938,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]],"date-time":"2019-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Deterioration of liver function, or intestinal failure-associated liver disease, is often observed in long-term parenterally fed children. Fish oil-based intravenous lipids have been reported to play a role in the prevention and treatment of intestinal failure associated liver disease. Methods: This retrospective analysis included 40 pediatric patients, (20 male and 20 female), median age 38 months (range 1.5\u2013200 months) on long-term (\u22651 month) parenteral nutrition who received the parenteral mixtures containing a combination of a third-generation lipid emulsion and pure fish oil because of laboratory liver function abnormalities. The total dose of fish oil from both emulsions for each patient exceeded 0.5 g\/kg\/day. Data from visits in an outpatient clinic were retrospectively analyzed using the Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney test, and Spearman correlation test. Results: The median time of therapy was 149 days (range 28\u2013418 days). There was a decrease of median total and direct (conjugated) bilirubin concentration from 22.23 \u00b5mol\/L (range 3.42\u2013243 \u00b5mol\/L) to 10.26 \u00b5mol\/L (range 3.42\u2013180.58 \u00b5mol\/L; p &lt; 0.005) and 8.55 (range 1.71\u2013212.04 \u00b5mol\/L) to 6.84 \u00b5mol\/L (range 1.71\u2013150.48 \u00b5mol\/L; p &lt; 0.007) respectively. A significant decrease in median alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase was also observed. In 11 patients bilirubin concentrations increased or remained unchanged. When compared to the patients who responded to the combination therapy, the patients who did not respond received parenteral nutrition for a longer time prior to the start of the therapy (51 vs. 30 months; p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: The mixture of an intravenous lipid emulsion containing soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil with the addition of pure fish oil emulsion may be helpful in the treatment of liver complications in children on long-term parenteral nutrition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]],"date-time":"2019-10-17T11:07:59Z","timestamp":1571310479000},"page":"2495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Retrospective Analysis of the Effect of Combination of Pure Fish Oil with Third Generation Lipid Emulsion on Liver Function in Children on Long-Term Parenteral Nutrition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0545-1391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miko\u0142aj","family":"Danko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polski 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"\u017by\u0142a-Pawlak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polski 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9136-2722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janusz","family":"Ksi\u0105\u017cyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polski 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Olszewska-Durkacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polski 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Sibilska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polski 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"\u017bydak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polski 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Popi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polski 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1602650","article-title":"Pediatric Intestinal Failure","volume":"377","author":"Duggan","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000484","article-title":"Pediatric intestinal failure-associated liver disease","volume":"29","author":"Courtney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-016-4042-7","article-title":"Pathophysiology, prevention, treatment, and outcomes of intestinal failure-associated liver disease","volume":"33","author":"Sigalet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. 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Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/10\/2495\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:27:08Z","timestamp":1760189228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/10\/2495"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu11102495"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11102495","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]]}}}