{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T13:15:20Z","timestamp":1774617320161,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]],"date-time":"2019-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1055867"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1055867"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U10 HD 076474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U10 HD 076474"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIH Office of Dietary Supplements","award":["U10 HD 076474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U10 HD 076474"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this secondary analysis was to identify maternal characteristics that modified the effect of maternal supplements on newborn size. Participants included 1465 maternal\u2013newborn dyads in Guatemala, India, and Pakistan. Supplementation commenced before conception (Arm 1) or late 1st trimester (Arm 2); Arm 3 received usual care. Characteristics included body mass index (BMI), stature, anemia, age, education, socio-economic status (SES), parity, and newborn sex. Newborn outcomes were z-scores for length (LAZ), weight (WAZ), and weight to length ratio-for-age (WLRAZ). Mixed-effect regression models included treatment arm, effect modifier, and arm * effect modifier interaction as predictors, controlling for site, characteristics, and sex. Parity (para-0 vs. para \u22651), anemia (anemia\/no anemia), and sex were significant effect modifiers. Effect size (95% CI) for Arm 1 vs. 3 was larger for para-0 vs. \u22651 for all outcomes (LAZ 0.56 (0.28, 0.84, p &lt; 0.001); WAZ 0.45 (0.20, 0.07, p &lt; 0.001); WLRAZ 0.52 (0.17, 0.88, p &lt; 0.01) but only length for Arm 2 vs. 3. Corresponding effects for para \u22651 were &gt;0.02. Arm 3 z-scores were all very low for para-0, but not para \u22651. Para-0 and anemia effect sizes for Arm 1 were &gt; Arm 2 for WAZ and WLRAZ, but not LAZ. Arm 1 and 2 had higher WAZ for newborn boys vs. girls. Maternal nulliparity and anemia were associated with impaired fetal growth that was substantially improved by nutrition intervention, especially when commenced prior to conception.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]],"date-time":"2019-10-21T11:37:55Z","timestamp":1571657875000},"page":"2534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Maternal Characteristics Affect Fetal Growth Response in the Women First Preconception Nutrition Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"K Michael","family":"Hambidge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla M.","family":"Bann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International, Durham, NC 27709, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"McClure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International, Durham, NC 27709, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamie E.","family":"Westcott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Garc\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INCAP (Instituto de Nutrici\u00f3n de Centro Am\u00e9rica y Panam\u00e1), Guatemala City 01011, Guatemala"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1732-0361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lester","family":"Figueroa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INCAP (Instituto de Nutrici\u00f3n de Centro Am\u00e9rica y Panam\u00e1), Guatemala City 01011, Guatemala"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8680-7053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shivaprasad S.","family":"Goudar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research\u2019s Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belagavi, Karnataka 590010, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sangappa M.","family":"Dhaded","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research\u2019s Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belagavi, Karnataka 590010, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omrana","family":"Pasha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumera A.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Derman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Affairs, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Goldenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Koso-Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NICHD\/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8871-5072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manjunath S.","family":"Somannavar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research\u2019s Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belagavi, Karnataka 590010, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veena","family":"Herekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research\u2019s Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belagavi, Karnataka 590010, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Umber","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy F.","family":"Krebs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00012","article-title":"Placental responses to changes in the maternal environment determine fetal growth","volume":"7","author":"Dimasuay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. 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