{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T01:52:19Z","timestamp":1768787539499,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]],"date-time":"2019-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI15\/01186 and PI18\/00989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI15\/01186 and PI18\/00989"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The CX3CL1\u2013CX3CR1 axis has been related to numerous diseases. The aim of our study was to investigate its involvement in coeliac disease (CD) pathogenesis, particularly in the early phase of the disease. Methods: We collected peripheral blood from CD patients and controls, enrolled in a 3-day gluten challenge, to study soluble CX3CL1, I-TAC and MIG by Luminex, CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 gene expression by qPCR, and CX3CR1 protein expression in monocytes and CD8+, CD4+ and \u03b3\u03b4+ T cells, by flow cytometry. We also analysed the expression of the CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 mRNA and protein in the duodenal biopsies of CD patients with active and treated disease, and in non-CD control individuals, by qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Results: After the gluten challenge, increased levels of CX3CL1, I-TAC and MIG proteins were observed in the peripheral blood of CD patients, with no changes in CX3CL1 mRNA, or CX3CR1 mRNA and protein. Regarding duodenal tissue, CX3CL1 was absent or barely present in the superficial and basal epithelium of CD patients, contrasting with the moderate to high levels present in controls. Conclusions: CX3CL1 seems to be involved in the appearance and progression of CD, and it appears to be a potential diagnostic biomarker. Its use as an alternative therapeutic target in CD deserves further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]],"date-time":"2019-10-25T03:20:36Z","timestamp":1571973636000},"page":"2551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["CX3CL1\u2013CX3CR1 Axis: A New Player in Coeliac Disease Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Prieto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Gen\u00e9tica de enfermedades complejas, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jes\u00fas","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Ace\u00f1ero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Anatom\u00eda Patol\u00f3gica, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"L\u00f3pez-Palacios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Bodas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Pediatr\u00eda, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Farrais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Cuevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Gen\u00e9tica de enfermedades complejas, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Pascual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Gen\u00e9tica de enfermedades complejas, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. \u00c1ngeles","family":"Cer\u00f3n-Nieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Anatom\u00eda Patol\u00f3gica, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sa\u00fal","family":"Horta-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Gen\u00e9tica de enfermedades complejas, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Espino-Pais\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Gen\u00e9tica de enfermedades complejas, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1605-5407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Producci\u00f3n Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9489-1603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Concepci\u00f3n","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Gen\u00e9tica de enfermedades complejas, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1038\/385640a0","article-title":"A new class of membrane-bound chemokine with a CX3C motif","volume":"385","author":"Bazan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000095360.62479.1F","article-title":"Fractalkine in vascular biology: From basic research to clinical disease","volume":"24","author":"Umehara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler. 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