{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T17:08:23Z","timestamp":1775754503642,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81573134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81573134"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Limited data were available on trends of US dietary nutrients especially for specific subgroups; Methods: Dietary intakes of energy and 36 kinds of nutrients were analyzed in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2003 to 2016 and by age and sex, socioeconomic status, race\/ethnicity, and body mass index, which were evaluated by whether not they meet the dietary reference intakes (DRIs); Results: Significantly decreased trends were observed for carbohydrate, total sugars, fiber, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, selenium, vitamin B6, E, K, and choline, while increased trends were observed for saturated fatty acids, iron, zinc, copper, potassium, sodium, vitamin B1, B2, B12, C and folate DFE (as dietary folate equivalents). A decreased trend of exceeding the estimated energy requirement was found. Population with low socioeconomic status and non-Hispanic blacks accounted for the largest proportion not meeting DRIs for most of nutrients; Conclusions: Most dietary nutrients were improved among US adults from 2003 to 2016 but were still far from optimal levels. Populations with low socioeconomic status and non-Hispanic blacks should be paid more attention to improve their dietary nutrient intake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T12:30:50Z","timestamp":1572611450000},"page":"2617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Trends in Dietary Nutrients by Demographic Characteristics and BMI among US Adults, 2003\u20132016"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Shan","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, the National Key Discipline, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lanlan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, the National Key Discipline, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, the National Key Discipline, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, the National Key Discipline, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, the National Key Discipline, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2003). Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"US Burden of Disease Collaborators, Mokdad, A.H., Ballestros, K., Echko, M., Glenn, S., Olsen, H.E., Mullany, E., Lee, A., Khan, A.R., and Ahmadi, A. (2018). The State of US Health, 1990\u20132016: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors among US States. JAMA, 319, 1444\u20131472.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.0158"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1990). Diet, Nutrition, and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Report of a WHO Study Group, World Health Organization. World Health Organization Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.000141","article-title":"Trends in carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes and association with energy intake in normal-weight, overweight, and obese individuals: 1971\u20132006","volume":"93","author":"Austin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.4.707","article-title":"Dietary vitamin B-6 intake and food sources in the US population: NHANES II, 1976\u20131980","volume":"52","author":"Kant","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.057943","article-title":"Trends in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among youth and adults in the United States: 1999\u20132010","volume":"98","author":"Kit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehm, C.D., and Drewnowski, A. (2016). Trends in Consumption of Solid Fats, Added Sugars, Sodium, Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, and Fruit from Fast Food Restaurants and by Fast Food Restaurant Type among US Children, 2003\u20132010. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8120804"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3182(86)80161-3","article-title":"Women\u2019s diets: 1977 and 1985","volume":"18","author":"Peterkin","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Educ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.5.740","article-title":"US trends in nutrient intake: The 1987 and 1992 National Health Interview Surveys","volume":"87","author":"Norris","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1994). Daily dietary fat and total food-energy intakes\u2014NHANES III, Phase 1, 1988\u20131991. JAMA, 271, 1309.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510410021010"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Funk, C., and Kennedy, B. (2019, September 18). The New Food Fights: U.S. Public Divides over Food Science. Pew Research Center. Available online: https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/science\/2016\/12\/01\/the-new-food-fights\/."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library (2019, September 18). Dietary Reference Intakes. Updated 5 May 2019, Available online: https:\/\/www.nal.usda.gov\/fnic\/dri-nutrient-reports."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"129","article-title":"An Easy Approach to Calculating Estimated Energy Requirements","volume":"3","author":"Gerrior","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and U.S. Department of Agriculture (2019, September 18). 2015\u20132020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, Available online: http:\/\/health.gov\/dietaryguidelines\/2015\/guidelines\/."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.052662","article-title":"Trends in energy intake among adults in the United States: Findings from NHANES","volume":"97","author":"Ford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V33.3.430.430","article-title":"Food Iron Absorption: A Comparison of Vegetable and Animal Foods","volume":"33","author":"Layrisse","year":"1969","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980007246749","article-title":"Secular trends in the association of socio-economic position with self-reported dietary attributes and biomarkers in the US population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1971\u20131975 to NHANES 1999\u20132002","volume":"10","author":"Kant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.7379","article-title":"Eliminating the Use of Partially Hydrogenated Oil in Food Production and Preparation","volume":"308","author":"Dietz","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics (US) (2019, September 18). Health, United States, 2011: With Special Feature on Socioeconomic Status and Health, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK98752\/."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"The Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (2019, September 18). Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010, to the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Health and Human Services. US Department of Agriculture Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion Website, Available online: http:\/\/www.cnpp.usda.gov\/DGAs2010-DGACReport.htm."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2880","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e318279acbf","article-title":"Sodium, Blood Pressure, and Cardiovascular Disease: Further Evidence Supporting the American Heart Association Sodium Reduction Recommendations","volume":"126","author":"Whelton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mcguire, S. (2010). Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States, The National Academies Press.","DOI":"10.3945\/an.110.1002"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5061840","article-title":"Sodium Intakes of US Children and Adults from Foods and Beverages by Location of Origin and by Specific Food Source","volume":"5","author":"Drewnowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E70","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd11.130340","article-title":"Association of the Neighborhood Retail Food Environment with Sodium and Potassium Intake among US Adults","volume":"11","author":"Greer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2019, September 18). Public Health Grand Rounds: Sodium Reduction, Time for Choice, Available online: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/about\/grand-rounds\/resources\/PHGRSodRed5FINAL.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, General Services Administration (2019, September 18). Health and Sustainability Guidelines for Federal Concessions and Vending Operations, Available online: http:\/\/www.gsa.gov\/portal\/content\/104429."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC (2019, September 18). Sodium Reduction in Communities, Available online: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/dhdsp\/programs\/sodium_reduction.htm."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC (2010). Improving the Food Environment through Nutrition Standards: A Guide for Government Procurement."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/50.3.508","article-title":"Folate intake and food sources in the US population","volume":"50","author":"Subar","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuu011","article-title":"Vitamin B12 in meat and dairy products","volume":"73","author":"Gille","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199205000-00003","article-title":"Vitamin C Intake and Mortality among a Sample of the United States Population","volume":"3","author":"Enstrom","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5505","DOI":"10.3402\/fnr.v56i0.5505","article-title":"Vitamin K: Food composition and dietary intakes","volume":"56","author":"Booth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/10408399509527689","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease and nutrient antioxidants: Role of low-density lipoprotein oxidation","volume":"35","author":"Frei","year":"1995","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2013.801827","article-title":"Lycopene and its antioxidant role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases\u2014A critical review","volume":"56","author":"Carisveyrat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"823","article-title":"Dietary carotenoids and human immune function","volume":"17","author":"Hughes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"S194","article-title":"Carotenoids: Actual knowledge on food sources, intakes, stability and bioavailability and their protective role in humans","volume":"53","author":"Maiani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sackner-Bernstein, J., Kanter, D., and Kaul, S. (2015). Dietary Intervention for Overweight and Obese Adults: Comparison of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets. A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139817"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/11\/2617\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:31:14Z","timestamp":1760189474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/11\/2617"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu11112617"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11112617","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]}}}