{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:13:35Z","timestamp":1787501615412,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,3]],"date-time":"2019-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015\/17\/N\/NZ9\/01136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/17\/N\/NZ9\/01136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Numerous studies have indicated that the use of plants rich in bioactive compounds may reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate how the addition of fruit and leaves to high-fructose diet affects lipid metabolism, including the expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis and oxidation in the liver and adipose tissue, as well as oxidative stress and inflammation in Wistar rats. The animals were fed with AIN-93G diet, high fructose (HFr) diet, HFr diet with addition of 5% or 10% freeze-dried fruits, and HFr diet with addition of 1% or 3% freeze-dried leaves. The experiment lasted 12 weeks. The results showed that the intake of fruit and leaves of sweet cherry caused the improvement of the liver function, as well as beneficially affected lipid metabolism, among others, by regulating the expression of genes associated with fatty acid synthesis and \u03b2-oxidation. Additionally, they exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In conclusion, the addition of fruit and leaves reduced the adverse changes arising from the consumption of high fructose diet. Therefore, not only commonly consumed fruits, but also leaves can be potentially used as functional foods. These findings may be helpful in prevention and treatment of the obesity-related metabolic diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T04:13:08Z","timestamp":1572840788000},"page":"2638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["High-Fructose Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders Were Counteracted by the Intake of Fruit and Leaves of Sweet Cherry in Wistar Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8830-8151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kinga","family":"Dziadek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 122 Balicka St., 30-149 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aneta","family":"Kope\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 122 Balicka St., 30-149 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Pi\u0105tkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 122 Balicka St., 30-149 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2170-2760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Leszczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 122 Balicka St., 30-149 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2019, August 20). Obesity and Overweight. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00019.2009","article-title":"Metabolic effects of fructose and the worldwide increase in obesity","volume":"90","author":"Tappy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, Y.K., and Yetley, E.A. (1993). Intakes and food sources of fructose in the United States. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 737\u2013747.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/58.5.737S"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"160","article-title":"Dietary Fructose Consumption Among US Children and Adults: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"10","author":"Vos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Medscape J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horst, K.W., and Serlie, M.J. (2017). Fructose Consumption, Lipogenesis, and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9090981"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8014252","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8014252","article-title":"Dietary Fructose Activates Insulin Signaling and Inflammation in Adipose Tissue: Modulatory Role of Resveratrol","volume":"2016","author":"Pektas","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"407","article-title":"High fructose model of oxidative stress and metabolic disturbances in rats. Part I. Antioxidant status of rats\u2019 tissues","volume":"51","author":"Zagrodzki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Vet. Inst. Pulawy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jegatheesan, P., and de Bandt, J.P. (2017). Fructose and NAFLD: The Multifaceted Aspects of Fructose Metabolism. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030230"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2011.0212","article-title":"Effect of Dietary Blueberry Pomace on Selected Metabolic Factors Associated with High Fructose Feeding in Growing Sprague\u2013Dawley Rats","volume":"15","author":"Khanal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Varghese, S.M., and Thomas, J. (2019). The Effect of M. latifolia Leaf Extract on High-Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)-Induced Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Rat Models. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.11.024","article-title":"Fruit quality and bioactive compounds relevant to human health of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars grown in Italy","volume":"140","author":"Ballistreri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2478\/v10136-011-0009-0","article-title":"Jerte Valley cherry-based product modulates serum inflammatory markers in rats and ringdoves","volume":"10","author":"Delgado","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0744-6","article-title":"Beneficial effects of cherry consumption as a dietary intervention for metabolic, hepatic and vascular complications in type 2 diabetic rats","volume":"17","author":"Bietiger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6993","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15106993","article-title":"Cherry Antioxidants: From Farm to Table","volume":"15","author":"Ferretti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-018-3055-y","article-title":"The petioles and leaves of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) as a potential source of natural bioactive compounds","volume":"244","author":"Dziadek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-018-3198-x","article-title":"Potential of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) by-products: Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of leaves and petioles","volume":"245","author":"Dziadek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.5.838S","article-title":"Symposium: Animal Diets for Nutritional and Toxicological Research Components of the AIN-93 Diets as Improvements in the AIN-76A Diet","volume":"127","author":"Reeves","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.03.044","article-title":"Intake of fruit and leaves of sweet cherry beneficially affects lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation in Wistar rats fed with high fat-cholesterol diet","volume":"57","author":"Dziadek","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2012.10.020","article-title":"Effect of long term administration of resveratrol on lipid concentration in selected organs and liver\u2019s histology in rats fed high fructose diet","volume":"5","author":"Koronowicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Funct. Food"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"395","article-title":"Effect of resveratrol on selected biochemical parameters in rats fed high fructose diet","volume":"12","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Pol. Technol. Aliment."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499","article-title":"Estimation of the Concentration of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Plasma, without Use of the Preparative Ultracentrifug","volume":"18","author":"Friedewald","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(79)90738-3","article-title":"Assay for Lipid Peroxides in Animal Tissues Thiobarbituric Acid Reaction","volume":"358","author":"Ohkawa","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real- Time Quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212\u0394\u0394CT Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00411","article-title":"Early Effects of a Low Fat, Fructose-Rich Diet on Liver Metabolism, Insulin Signaling, and Oxidative Stress in Young and Adult Rats","volume":"9","author":"Crescenzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-12-136","article-title":"Age-dependent effect of high-fructose and high-fat diets on lipid metabolism and lipid accumulation in liver and kidney of rats","volume":"12","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.6.1511","article-title":"Mechanisms for the acute effect of fructose on postprandial lipemia","volume":"85","author":"Chong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"E685","article-title":"Fructose: A highly lipogenic nutrient implicated in insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"299","author":"Dekker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI96702","article-title":"Fructose metabolism and metabolic disease","volume":"128","author":"Hannou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Samaan, R. (2017). Dietary Fiber for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Elsevier Inc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2016.06.005","article-title":"Long-term feeding of red algae (Gelidium amansii) ameliorates glucose and lipid metabolism in a high fructose diet-impaired glucose tolerance rat model","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1089\/109662003772519886","article-title":"Effects of Manufactured Soluble Dietary Fiber from Quercus mongolica on Hepatic HMG-CoA Reductase and Lipoprotein Lipase Activities in Epididymal Adipose Tissue of Rats Fed High Cholesterol Diets","volume":"6","author":"Chai","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.29","article-title":"Pleiotropic preventive effects of dietary polyphenols in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"67","author":"Kishimoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2013.02.008","article-title":"Anti-diabetic and anti-lipidemic effects of chlorogenic acid are mediated by ampk activation","volume":"85","author":"Ong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1245","article-title":"Insulin resistance and chronic inflammation","volume":"70","author":"Matulewicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"123","article-title":"Dietary Caffeic Acid, Ferulic Acid and Coumaric Acid Supplements on Cholesterol Metabolism and Antioxidant Activity in Rats","volume":"17","author":"Yeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2017.1415938","article-title":"Dietary phenolic acids reverse insulin resistance, hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia, inflammation and oxidative stress in high-fructose diet-induced metabolic syndrome rats","volume":"124","author":"Ibitoye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibert-Ramos, A., Crescenti, A., and Salvad\u00f3, M.J. (2018). Consumption of Cherry out of Season Changes White Adipose Tissue Gene Expression and Morphology to a Phenotype Prone to Fat Accumulation. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081102"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6069","DOI":"10.1021\/jf401171k","article-title":"Mulberry Anthocyanins Inhibit Oleic Acid Induced Lipid Accumulation by Reduction of Lipogenesis and Promotion of Hepatic Lipid Clearance","volume":"61","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1021\/jf504926n","article-title":"Purified Anthocyanins from Bilberry and Black Currant Attenuate Hepatic Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Steatohepatitis in Mice with Methionine and Choline Deficiency","volume":"63","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.6386","article-title":"The inhibition of oleic acid induced hepatic lipogenesis and the promotion of lipolysis by caffeic acid via up-regulation of AMP-activated kinase","volume":"94","author":"Liao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.4751","article-title":"Chlorogenic Acid Exhibits Cholesterol Lowering and Fatty Liver Attenuating Properties by Up-regulating the Gene Expression of PPAR\u2014A in Hypercholesterolemic Rats Induced with a High-Cholesterol Diet","volume":"27","author":"Wan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phyther. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilavenil, S., Kim, D.H., Srigopalram, S., Arasu, M.V., Lee, K.D., Lee, J.C., Lee, J.S., Renganathan, S., and Choi, K.C. (2016). Potential Application of p-Coumaric Acid on Differentiation of C2C12 Skeletal Muscle and 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes\u2014An in Vitro and in Silico Approach. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21080997"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12514","article-title":"Ferulic acid improves lipid and glucose homeostasis in high-fat diet-induced obese mice","volume":"43","author":"Naowaboot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"32","article-title":"Regulation of gene expression by polyunsaturated fatty acids","volume":"32","author":"Sampath","year":"2006","journal-title":"Heart Metab."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bionut.2014.08.004","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of Prunus avium on streptozotocin induced neurotoxicity in mice","volume":"4","author":"Vinitha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Prev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2013.854749","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of sweet cherry anthocyanins on the obesity development in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"65","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-009-0135-y","article-title":"Improved Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Potential in Mice Consuming Sour Cherry Juice (Prunus Cerasus cv. Maraska)","volume":"64","author":"Balog","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estruel-Amades, S., Massot-Cladera, M., Garcia-Cerd\u00e0, P., P\u00e9rez-Cano, F.J., Franch, \u00c0., Castell, M., and Camps-Bossacoma, M. (2019). Protective Effect of Hesperidin on the Oxidative Stress Induced by an Exhausting Exercise in Intensively Trained Rats. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040783"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2005.11.007","article-title":"Effects of polyphenolic antioxidants on exercise-induced oxidative stress","volume":"25","author":"Lopez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13108","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013108","article-title":"Relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation in hyperuricemia. Analysis based on asymptomatic young patients with primary hyperuricemia","volume":"97","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.171371","article-title":"Sweet Bing Cherries Lower Circulating Concentrations of Markers for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases in Healthy Humans","volume":"143","author":"Kelley","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.06.020","article-title":"Non-anthocyanin phenolics in cherry (Prunus avium L.) modulate IL-6, liver lipids and expression of PPAR\u03b4 and LXRs in obese diabetic (db\/db) mice","volume":"266","author":"Noratto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.220525","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b1 gene level differently affects lipid metabolism and inflammation in apolipoprotein E2 knock-in mice","volume":"31","author":"Lalloyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/11\/2638\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:31:39Z","timestamp":1760189499000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/11\/2638"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,3]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu11112638"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11112638","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,3]]}}}