{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T08:18:00Z","timestamp":1765354680861,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]],"date-time":"2019-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54MD006772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54MD006772"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of the current study was to examine micronutrient intake from foods in women of childbearing age and to better understand potential nutritional problems varied by body weight status in minority women. A sample of women aged 19\u201339 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2003\u20132014 was analyzed. Dietary intakes of 13 micronutrients were estimated using the National Cancer Institute method. Mexican-American and non-Hispanic Black women were categorized into normal\/under-weight, overweight, or obese groups according to their body mass index (BMI). Mexican-American and non-Hispanic Black women had lower dietary intakes for vitamins A, B2, B6, B12, and D, folate, calcium, and magnesium than non-Hispanic Whites. Among Mexican-Americans, obese women had the lowest dietary intake of vitamins A, B2, C and D. Obese non-Hispanic Black women had significantly lower dietary intakes of iron and zinc than their normal\/under-weight counterparts. Comparable percentages (&gt;30%) of Mexican-American and non-Hispanic Black women had dietary intake less than the Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) for several key nutrients including vitamin A, C and D, folate, calcium and magnesium, and the percentages varied by body weight status. These results indicate micronutrient inadequacies persist among and within racial\/ethnic and body weight groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]],"date-time":"2019-11-20T11:06:03Z","timestamp":1574247963000},"page":"2846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Comparison of Dietary Micronutrient Intakes by Body Weight Status among Mexican-American and Non-Hispanic Black Women Aged 19\u201339 Years: An Analysis of NHANES 2003\u20132014"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jialiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangzhu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly G.","family":"Fulda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine, NorTex, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shande","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9944-2105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng-Hua","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.116327","article-title":"Maternal micronutrient deficiency, fetal development, and the risk of chronic disease","volume":"140","author":"Christian","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmp025","article-title":"Role of micronutrients in the periconceptional period","volume":"16","author":"Cetin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"116","article-title":"Micronutrients in women\u2019s reproductive health: Ii. Minerals and trace elements","volume":"51","author":"Sulovic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Fertil Womens Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26811F","article-title":"Is maternal diet supplementation beneficial? Optimal development of infant depends on mother\u2019s diet","volume":"89","author":"Zeisel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.5.1188","article-title":"A life cycle micronutrient perspective for women\u2019s health","volume":"81","author":"Bartley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.123463","article-title":"Women in resource-poor settings are at risk of inadequate intakes of multiple micronutrients","volume":"140","author":"Torheim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bastos Maia, S., Rolland Souza, A.S., Costa Caminha, M.F., Lins da Silva, S., Callou Cruz, R.S.B.L., Carvalho Dos Santos, C., and Batista Filho, M. (2019). Vitamin a and pregnancy: A narrative review. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030681"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-018-0410-6","article-title":"Maternal fruit and vegetable or vitamin c consumption during pregnancy is associated with fetal growth and infant growth up to 6 months: Results from the korean mothers and children\u2019s environmental health (moceh) cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Jang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., Zhong, C., Chen, R., Zhou, X., Wu, J., Han, J., Li, X., Zhang, Y., Gao, Q., and Xiao, M. (2019). Higher dietary vitamin c intake is associated with a lower risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A longitudinal cohort study. Clin. Nutr.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.01.015"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2009.117","article-title":"The association between maternal diet during pregnancy and bone mass of the children at age 16","volume":"64","author":"Yin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.189702","article-title":"Population-based prevention of obesity: The need for comprehensive promotion of healthful eating, physical activity, and energy balance: A scientific statement from american heart association council on epidemiology and prevention, interdisciplinary committee for prevention (formerly the expert panel on population and prevention science)","volume":"118","author":"Kumanyika","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.afnr.2015.11.001","article-title":"Calcium and vitamin d in obesity and related chronic disease","volume":"77","author":"Pannu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-016-0785-1","article-title":"Association between antioxidant intake\/status and obesity: A systematic review of observational studies","volume":"175","author":"Hosseini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Trac. Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.20960\/nh.1630","article-title":"Vitamin a deficiency is associated with body mass index and body adiposity in women with recommended intake of vitamin a","volume":"35","author":"Bento","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: United states, 2015\u20132016","volume":"288","author":"Hales","year":"2017","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: United states, 2011\u20132014","volume":"219","author":"Ogden","year":"2015","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980014002067","article-title":"Nutritional status as assessed by nutrient intakes and biomarkers among women of childbearing age--is the burden of nutrient inadequacies growing in america?","volume":"18","author":"Rai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2016.07.014","article-title":"Vegetable consumption and selected nutrient intakes of women of childbearing age","volume":"48","author":"Storey","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.5.1409","article-title":"Race-ethnicity differences in folic acid intake in women of childbearing age in the united states after folic acid fortification: Findings from the national health and nutrition examination survey, 2001\u20132002","volume":"85","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2016.11.011","article-title":"Micronutrient intake is inadequate for a sample of pregnant african-american women","volume":"117","author":"Groth","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health Human Services, and U.S. Department of Agriculture (2019, June 03). 2015\u20132020 Dietary Guidelines for American, Available online: https:\/\/health.gov\/dietaryguidelines\/2015\/guidelines\/."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Johnson, C.L., Dohrmann, S.M., Burt, V., and Mohadjer, L.K. (2014). National health and nutrition examination survey: Sample design, 2011\u20132014. Vital Health Stat 2, 1\u201333."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control Prevention (2014). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (nhanes): Anthropometry Procedures Manual."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228S","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2001.123","article-title":"The worldwide obesity epidemic","volume":"9","author":"James","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.009258","article-title":"Update on nhanes dietary data: Focus on collection, release, analytical considerations, and uses to inform public policy","volume":"7","author":"Ahluwalia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (2019, June 03). Usda National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Available online: https:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/northeast-area\/beltsville-md-bhnrc\/beltsville-human-nutrition-research-center\/nutrient-data-laboratory\/docs\/usda-national-nutrient-database-for-standard-reference\/."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (2006). Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2006.07.003","article-title":"A new statistical method for estimating the usual intake of episodically consumed foods with application to their distribution","volume":"106","author":"Tooze","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2857","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4063","article-title":"A mixed-effects model approach for estimating the distribution of usual intake of nutrients: The NCI method","volume":"29","author":"Tooze","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Estimating usual dietary intake from national health and nutrition examination survey data using the national cancer institute method","volume":"178","author":"Herrick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Subcommittee on Criteria for Dietary Evaluation, Coordinating Committee on Evaluation of Food Consumption Surveys, Food and Nutrition Board, Commission on Life Science, National Research Council (1986). Nutrient Adequacy: Assessment Using Food Comsumption Surveys."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"SAS Institute Inc. (2015). Base SAS 9.4 Procedures Guide, Sas institute Inc.. [5th ed.]. Available online: http:\/\/www.support.sas.com."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau (2019, November 05). Ratio of Income to Poverty Level, Available online: http:\/\/www.census.gov\/hhes\/income\/defs\/ratio.html."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2011.06.005","article-title":"Higher amounts of body fat are associated with inadequate intakes of calcium and vitamin d in african american women","volume":"31","author":"Tidwell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2005.144","article-title":"Effects of calcium and dairy on body composition and weight loss in african-american adults","volume":"13","author":"Zemel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-9-59","article-title":"Zinc, vitamin a, and vitamin c status are associated with leptin concentrations and obesity in mexican women: Results from a cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Ronquillo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2006.02.013","article-title":"Serum iron and body fat distribution in a multiethnic cohort of adults living in new york city","volume":"106","author":"Chambers","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients (2001). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Ross, A.C., Caballero, B., Cousins, R.J., Tucker, K.L., and Ziegler, T.R. (2014). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2017.09.009","article-title":"Retinol saturase modulates lipid metabolism and the production of reactive oxygen species","volume":"633","author":"Pang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(03)00474-7","article-title":"Ethnic differences in the nutrient intake adequacy of premenopausal us women: Results from the third national health examination survey","volume":"103","author":"Arab","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cha, S., Kang, J.H., Lee, J.H., Kim, J., Kim, H., Yang, Y.J., Park, W.Y., and Kim, J. (2018). Impact of genetic variants on the individual potential for body fat loss. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030266"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"979","article-title":"Vitamin b12 deficiency","volume":"67","author":"Oh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3030370","article-title":"Folic acid food fortification-its history, effect, concerns, and future directions","volume":"3","author":"Crider","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2005.10719474","article-title":"The effect of folate fortification of cereal-grain products on blood folate status, dietary folate intake, and dietary folate sources among adult non-supplement users in the united states","volume":"24","author":"Dietrich","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.01.025","article-title":"Folic acid intake among U.S. Women aged 15\u201344 years, national health and nutrition examination survey, 2003\u20132006","volume":"38","author":"Tinker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515002706","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of misreporting of energy intake in us adults: Nhanes 2003\u20132012","volume":"114","author":"Murakami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012000985","article-title":"Fruit and vegetable intake: Issues with definition and measurement","volume":"16","author":"Roark","year":"2013","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/12\/2846\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:36:08Z","timestamp":1760189768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/12\/2846"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu11122846"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11122846","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]]}}}