{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T15:48:48Z","timestamp":1762876128655,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,28]],"date-time":"2019-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Liggins Institute Trust","award":["3701462"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3701462"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007608","name":"AgResearch","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A21246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A21246"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001518","name":"Maurice and Phyllis Paykel Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3716230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3716230"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001518","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Faculty Research and Development Fund, University of Auckland","award":["3716936"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3716936"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>B-vitamin deficiency is common in ageing populations either due to altered dietary habits or altered digestive and metabolic functions. There is limited data on the acute circulating concentrations of B-vitamins and their various forms (vitamers), following ingestion of realistic meals. This study compared the acute circulating B-vitamin and vitamer responses to either an energy-dense (ED) or a nutrient-dense (ND) breakfast meal, consumed in a randomized cross-over sequence, in older and younger adults (n = 15 and 15, aged 67.3 \u00b1 1.5 and 22.7 \u00b1 0.5 years (mean \u00b1 SEM), respectively). Eleven differing B-vitamins and vitamers were determined in plasma samples by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, in the fasting and postprandial state (hourly for 5 h). While postprandial thiamine concentration increased following both meals, riboflavin increased only following a ND meal in both age groups. Many vitamins including nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal-5\u2019phosphate, and 4-pyridoxic acid remained unaltered, and flavin mononucleotide (FMN), nicotinamide and nicotinuric acid concentrations reduced following both meals. Biological age and food composition had minimal impact on postprandial B-vitamin concentrations, yet the differences between the ED and ND meals for riboflavin highlight the importance of riboflavin intake to achieve adequacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,28]],"date-time":"2019-11-28T10:54:10Z","timestamp":1574938450000},"page":"2893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Comparison of the Acute Postprandial Circulating B-Vitamin and Vitamer Responses to Single Breakfast Meals in Young and Older Individuals: Preliminary Secondary Outcomes of a Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8213-8585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pankaja","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Gillies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shikha","family":"Pundir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chantal A.","family":"Pileggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James F.","family":"Markworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric B.","family":"Thorstensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0144-5816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Cameron-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"},{"name":"Food &amp; Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9559-7326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amber M.","family":"Milan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"451","article-title":"B Vitamins and ageing","volume":"Volume 90","author":"Harris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Ageing: Part I Biomedical Science. Subcellular Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"327","article-title":"B vitamins, cognition, and aging: A review","volume":"56","author":"Calvaresi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650983","DOI":"10.5402\/2013\/650983","article-title":"B vitamins and cognitive performance in older adults: Review","volume":"2013","author":"Reay","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45322","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45322","article-title":"B-vitamin supplementation mitigates effects of fine particles on cardiac autonomic dysfunction and inflammation: A pilot human intervention trial","volume":"7","author":"Zhong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-012-0082-4","article-title":"Dietary patterns and diet quality among diverse older adults: The University of Alabama at Birmingham study of aging","volume":"17","author":"Hsiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.suppl_2.65","article-title":"Dietary intake, dietary patterns, and changes with age: An epidemiological perspective","volume":"56","author":"Wakimoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/53A.2.B133","article-title":"Comparison of the postprandial plasma vitamin A response in young and older adults","volume":"53","author":"Borel","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.1997.1960744.x","article-title":"Postprandial chylomicron and plasma vitamin E responses in healthy older subjects compared with younger ones","volume":"27","author":"Borel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2005.10.007","article-title":"The effect of aging on intestinal absorption and status of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and copper in rats: A stable isotope study","volume":"20","author":"Coudray","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/55.11.B515","article-title":"Postprandial retinyl palmitate and squalene metabolism is age dependent","volume":"55","author":"Relas","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.54.223","article-title":"Urinary water-soluble vitamins and their metabolite contents as nutritional markers for evaluating vitamin intakes in young Japanese women","volume":"54","author":"Fukuwatari","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20110326","article-title":"Intestinal absorption of water-soluble vitamins in health and disease","volume":"437","author":"Said","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy, D.O. (2016). B vitamins and the brain: Mechanisms, dose and efficacy\u2014A review. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8020068"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porter, K., Hoey, L., Hughes, C.F., Ward, M., and McNulty, H. (2016). Causes, consequences and public health implications of low B-vitamin status in ageing. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8110725"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/60.1.68","article-title":"Bioavailability of vitamin B-6 in young and older men","volume":"60","author":"Ferroli","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-015-0500-5","article-title":"Older adults have delayed amino acid absorption after a high protein mixed breakfast meal","volume":"19","author":"Milan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/48.5.1284","article-title":"Effect of age on changes in plasma, erythrocyte, and urinary B-6 vitamers after an oral vitamin B-6 load","volume":"48","author":"Kant","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.2.373","article-title":"Very low oral doses of vitamin B-12 increase serum concentrations in elderly subjects with food-bound vitamin B-12 malabsorption","volume":"137","author":"Blacher","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2012.11.004","article-title":"Vitamin B12 absorption: Mammalian physiology and acquired and inherited disorders","volume":"95","author":"Kozyraki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-9-26","article-title":"Variation in metabolic responses to meal challenges differing in glycemic index in healthy women: Is it meaningful?","volume":"9","author":"Krishnan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/0271-5317(95)00033-F","article-title":"Relative bioavailability of B-6 vitamers from cooked ground beef in humans","volume":"15","author":"Pingali","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1080\/09637480802616595","article-title":"A pilot trial comparing the availability of vitamins C, B6, and B12 from a vitamin-fortified water and food source in humans","volume":"60","author":"Kalman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2003.10719285","article-title":"Plasma changes in micronutrients following a multivitamin and mineral supplement in healthy adults","volume":"22","author":"Navarro","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2015.09.049","article-title":"Simultaneous quantification of 21 water soluble vitamin circulating forms in human plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"1422","author":"Longet","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Udhayabanu, T., Manole, A., Rajeshwari, M., Varalakshmi, P., Houlden, H., and Ashokkumar, B. (2017). Clinical medicine riboflavin responsive mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. J. Clin. Med., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm6050052"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albersen, M., Bosma, M., Knoers, N.V.V.A.M., De Ruiter, B.H.B., Ne, E., Diekman, F., De Ruijter, J., Visser, W.F., De Koning, T.J., and Verhoeven-Duif, N.M. (2013). The intestine plays a substantial role in human vitamin B6 metabolism: A Caco-2 cell model. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054113"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Milan, A.M. (2015). The Impact of Age on the Postprandial Metabolomic and Inflammatory Responses to a Breakfast Meal. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Auckland]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milan, A.M., Pundir, S., Pileggi, C.A., Markworth, J.F., Lewandowski, P.A., and Cameron-Smith, D. (2017). Comparisons of the postprandial inflammatory and endotoxaemic responses to mixed meals in young and older ndividuals: A randomised trial. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040354"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0979","article-title":"Increase in plasma endotoxin concentrations and the expression of toll-like receptors and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in mononuclear cells after a high-fat, high-carbohydrate meal: Implications for insulin resistance","volume":"32","author":"Ghanim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2005.09.005","article-title":"A nutrient density standard for vegetables and fruits: Nutrients per calorie and nutrients per unit cost","volume":"105","author":"Darmon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.4.721","article-title":"Concept of a nutritious food: Toward a nutrient density score","volume":"82","author":"Drewnowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451500505X","article-title":"Older adults have an altered chylomicron response to a high-fat meal","volume":"115","author":"Milan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.6.1557","article-title":"Quantification of the bioavailability of riboflavin from foods by use of stable-isotope labels and kinetic modeling","volume":"85","author":"Dainty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883","article-title":"Homeostasis model assessment: Insulin resistance and \u03b2-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man","volume":"28","author":"Matthews","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russell, R.M. (2001). Factors in aging that effect the bioavailability of nutrients. Bioavailability of Nutrients and Other Bioactive Components from Dietary Supplements, American Society for Nutritional Sciences.","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.4.1359S"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000238","article-title":"The ageing gastrointestinal tract","volume":"19","author":"Soenen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"207","article-title":"Assessment and management of nutrition in older people and its importance to health","volume":"5","author":"Ahmed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Parnell, W., Wilson, N., Thomson, C., Mackay, S., and Stefanogiannis, N. (2011). A Focus on Nutrition: Key Findings of the 2008\/09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515000203","article-title":"Micronutrient intakes and potential inadequacies of community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review","volume":"113","author":"Verlaan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-009-0169-8","article-title":"Micronutrient intakes in two US populations of older adults: Lipid research clinics program prevalence study findings","volume":"13","author":"Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451200565X","article-title":"Mapping low intake of micronutrients across Europe ILSI Europe","volume":"110","author":"Mensink","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1978.tb03584.x","article-title":"Factors Governing Insulin and Glucagon Responses During Normal Meals","volume":"9","author":"Day","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051618","article-title":"Postprandial serum folic acid response to multiple doses of folic acid in fortified bread","volume":"95","author":"Sweeney","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1228","article-title":"Bioavailability of AREDS1 micronutrients from softgel capsules and tablets: A pilot study","volume":"20","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1997.sp021881","article-title":"Role of caloric content on gastric emptying in humans","volume":"498","author":"Calbet","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.76.5.416","article-title":"Relation between dietary fat and energy and micronutrient intakes","volume":"76","author":"Tonstad","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, H., and Gallier, S. (2014). Processing of food structures in the gastrointestinal tract and physiological responses. Food Structures, Digestion and Health, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-404610-8.00002-5"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5539\/jfr.v3n6p23","article-title":"Riboflavin in nutrition, food processing, and analysis\u2014A review","volume":"3","author":"Golbach","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/63.1.54","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of orally and intravenously administered riboflavin in healthy humans","volume":"63","author":"Zempleni","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) (2006). Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6904-12-4","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of high-dose oral thiamine hydrochloride in healthy subjects","volume":"12","author":"Smithline","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, Y., Ying, S., Lu, C., Yang, J., Ding, L., Wen, A., and Zhu, Y. (2012). Pharmacokinetics of Single-Dose and Multi-Dose of Lovastatin\/Niacin ER Tablet in Healthy Volunteers. Chromatogr. Res. Int., 2012.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/437075"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(90)90281-V","article-title":"Liquid chromatographic studies of vitamin B6 metabolism in man","volume":"190","author":"Edwards","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2000.tb01268.x","article-title":"Low plasma thiamine levels in elder patients admitted through the emergency department","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27230B","article-title":"Studies of biomarker responses to intervention with riboflavin: A systematic review","volume":"89","author":"Hoey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0102.101388","article-title":"Folic acid improves endothelial function in coronary artery disease via mechanisms largely independent of homocysteine lowering","volume":"105","author":"Doshi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01276505","article-title":"Pyridoxine effect on synthesis rate of serotonin in the monkey brain measured with positron emission tomography","volume":"102","author":"Hartvig","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508959213","article-title":"Cognitive and mood effects in healthy children during 12 weeks\u2019 supplementation with multi-vitamin\/minerals","volume":"100","author":"Haskell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3589","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5093589","article-title":"Acute effects of different multivitamin mineral preparations with and without guaran\u00e1 on mood, cognitive performance and functional brain activation","volume":"5","author":"Scholey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/48.9.1571","article-title":"Riboflavin, Flavin Mononucleotide, and Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide in Human Plasma and Erythrocytes at Baseline and after Low-Dose Riboflavin Supplementation","volume":"9","author":"Hustad","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.008409","article-title":"Correcting a marginal riboflavin deficiency improves hematologic status in young women in the United Kingdom (RIBOFEM) 1\u20133","volume":"93","author":"Powers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/46.1.M16","article-title":"Influence of Thiamin Supplementation on the Health and General Well-being of an Elderly Irish Population With Marginal Thiamin Deficiency","volume":"46","author":"Smidt","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-013-0534-6","article-title":"High-dose thiamine supplementation improves glucose tolerance in hyperglycemic individuals: A randomized, double-blind cross-over trial","volume":"52","author":"Soares","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/66.4.925","article-title":"The response to treatment of subclinical thiamine deficiency in the elderly","volume":"66","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00226","article-title":"Dietary Intake of Riboflavin and Unsaturated Fatty Acid Can Improve the Multi-Domain Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Elderly Populations: A 2-Year Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"11","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/12\/2893\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:38:17Z","timestamp":1760189897000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/12\/2893"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,28]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu11122893"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11122893","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,28]]}}}