{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:42:45Z","timestamp":1780404165773,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]],"date-time":"2019-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGL2016-80566-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2016-80566-P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wheat gluten proteins are responsible for the bread-making properties of the dough but also for triggering important gastrointestinal disorders. Celiac disease (CD) affects approximately 1% of the population in Western countries. The only treatment available is the strict avoidance of gluten in the diet. Interference RNA (RNAi) is an excellent approach for the down-regulation of genes coding for immunogenic proteins related to celiac disease, providing an alternative for the development of cereals suitable for CD patients. In the present work, we report a comparative study of the stimulatory capacity of seven low-gluten RNAi lines differing in grain gluten and non-gluten protein composition, relevant for CD and other gluten pathologies. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 35 patients with active CD were included in this study to assess the stimulatory response induced by protein extracts from the RNAi lines. Analysis of the proliferative response and interferon-gamma (INF-\u03b3) release of PBMCs demonstrated impaired stimulation in response to all RNAi lines. The lower response was provided by lines with a very low content of \u03b1- and \u03b3-gliadins, and low or almost devoid of DQ2.5 and p31\u201343 \u03b1-gliadin epitopes. The non-gluten protein seems not to play a key role in PBMC stimulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]],"date-time":"2019-12-04T04:30:35Z","timestamp":1575433835000},"page":"2933","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Stimulatory Response of Celiac Disease Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Induced by RNAi Wheat Lines Differing in Grain Protein Composition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Susana","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Mejora Gen\u00e9tica Vegetal, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3854-5746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Gim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Mejora Gen\u00e9tica Vegetal, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4982-273X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Comino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"L\u00f3pez Casado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gastroenterolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Isabel","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Experimental, Campus Universitario Las Lagunillas, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Barro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Mejora Gen\u00e9tica Vegetal, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31796-8","article-title":"Coeliac disease","volume":"391","author":"Lebwohl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.11.043","article-title":"Prevalence and Morbidity of Undiagnosed Celiac Disease From a Community-Based Study","volume":"152","author":"Choung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20102660","article-title":"Wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors drive intestinal inflammation via activation of toll-like receptor 4","volume":"209","author":"Junker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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