{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:42:28Z","timestamp":1792806148133,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,25]],"date-time":"2019-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad (Spanish Government)","award":["RTC-2014-2460-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTC-2014-2460-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01txxn211","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is to assess the safety of daily consumption of walnuts on the physiological levels of phosphorous, potassium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), and to assess the short-term benefits of this intervention on risk factors associated with cardiovascular events. This led us to perform a prospective, randomized, crossover, pilot clinical trial examined 13 patients with CKD. Subjects were randomly assigned to a diet of 30 g of walnuts per day or the control diet. After 30 days, each group was given a 30-day washout period, and then switched to the alternate diet for 30 days. Urinary and serum levels of phosphorous and potassium, multiple vascular risk factors, and urinary inositol phosphates (InsPs) were measured at baseline and at the end of the intervention period. Our results showed that the walnut dietary supplement led to reduced blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, and albumin excretion, but had no effect on the physiological levels of phosphorous, potassium, PTH, and FGF23. This is the first report to show that daily consumption of walnuts by patients with CKD does not alter their physiological levels of phosphorous, potassium, PTH, and FGF23 when included in a sodium-, protein-, phosphate-, and potassium-controlled diet, and it could be an effective strategy for reducing cardiovascular risk in patients with CKD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,25]],"date-time":"2019-12-25T11:07:48Z","timestamp":1577272068000},"page":"63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A Pilot Randomized Crossover Trial Assessing the Safety and Short-Term Effects of Walnut Consumption by Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8565-1811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Sanchis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, University of Balearic Islands, Institute of Health Sciences Research [IUNICS-IdISBa], 07122 Palma of Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilisa","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Department, Hospital Son Ll\u00e0tzer, Institute of Health Sciences Research [IUNICS-IdISBa], 07198 Palma of Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Berga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, University of Balearic Islands, Institute of Health Sciences Research [IUNICS-IdISBa], 07122 Palma of Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALCER Illes Balears (Association for the Fight against Kidney Diseases, Balearic Islands), 07009 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Fortuny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Department, Hospital Son Ll\u00e0tzer, 07198 Palma of Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0647-4154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonia","family":"Costa-Bauz\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, University of Balearic Islands, Institute of Health Sciences Research [IUNICS-IdISBa], 07122 Palma of Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5636-9139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Grases","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, University of Balearic Islands, Institute of Health Sciences Research [IUNICS-IdISBa], 07122 Palma of Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6383-6110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Buades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Department, Hospital Son Ll\u00e0tzer, Institute of Health Sciences Research [IUNICS-IdISBa], 07198 Palma of Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-139X.2003.16023.x","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in chronic renal failure: Pathophysiologic aspects","volume":"16","author":"London","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin. 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