{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:28:11Z","timestamp":1790832491492,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,27]],"date-time":"2019-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011596","name":"Conselleria d'Educaci\u00f3, Investigaci\u00f3, Cultura i Esport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AICO\/2016\/083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AICO\/2016\/083"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011596","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003508","name":"Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV18-01-23-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV18-01-23-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003508","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxidative stress generated by diabetes plays a key role in the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR), a common diabetic complication. DR remains asymptomatic until it reaches advanced stages, which complicate its treatment. Although it is known that good metabolic control is essential for preventing DR, knowledge of the disease is incomplete and an effective treatment with no side effects is lacking. Pterostilbene (Pter), a natural stilbene with good antioxidant activity, has proved to beneficially affect different pathologies, including diabetes. Therefore, our study aimed to analyse the protective and\/or therapeutic capacity of Pter against oxidant damage by characterising early retinal alterations induced by hyperglycaemia, and its possible mechanism of action in a rabbit model of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pter reduced lipid and protein oxidative damage, and recovered redox status and the main activities of antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, the redox regulation by Pter was associated with activation of the PI3K\/AKT\/GSK3\u03b2\/NRF2 pathway. Our results show that Pter is a powerful protective agent that may delay early DR development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,27]],"date-time":"2019-12-27T11:42:47Z","timestamp":1577446967000},"page":"82","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Pterostilbene Prevents Early Diabetic Retinopathy Alterations in a Rabbit Experimental Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Mill\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Institute La Fe, Neonatal Research Group, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9239-7847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda del Carmen","family":"Desco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FISABIO Oftalmolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Vitreo-retina unit, Bif. P\u00edo Baroja General Avil\u00e9s s\/n, 46015 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Torres-Cuevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Institute La Fe, Neonatal Research Group, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0766-1744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvador","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Vicente Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s Av. s\/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In\u00e9s","family":"Pulido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Vicente Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s Av. s\/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvador","family":"Mena-Moll\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Vicente Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s Av. s\/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Mataix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FISABIO Oftalmolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Vitreo-retina unit, Bif. P\u00edo Baroja General Avil\u00e9s s\/n, 46015 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Asensi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Vicente Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s Av. s\/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9901-3383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngel Luis","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Vicente Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s Av. s\/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2016). Global Report on Diabetes, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160998","article-title":"Sex differences in micro- and macro-vascular complications of diabetes mellitus","volume":"131","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossino, M.G., and Casini, G. (2019). Nutraceuticals for the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040771"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.4.547","article-title":"Retinal oxygen: Fundamental and clinical aspects","volume":"121","author":"Linsenmeier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laher, I. (2014). Free Radical Biology of Eye Diseases. Systems Biology of Free Radicals and Antioxidants, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-30018-9"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v4.i6.290","article-title":"Classification of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-016-4075-y","article-title":"Candidate gene studies of diabetic retinopathy in human","volume":"43","author":"Priscakova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s13167-010-0002-9","article-title":"Prediction of diabetic retinopathy: Role of oxidative stress and relevance of apoptotic biomarkers","volume":"1","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"EPMA J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752387","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/752387","article-title":"Oxidative stress: Implications for the development of diabetic retinopathy and antioxidant therapeutic perspectives","volume":"2014","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-019-00800-w","article-title":"Cost Effectiveness of Treatments for Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"37","author":"Maniadakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7313","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15107313","article-title":"Plant phenolics: Extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties","volume":"15","author":"Dai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201000044","article-title":"Plant polyphenols: Chemical properties, biological activities, and synthesis","volume":"50","author":"Quideau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3128951","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3128951","article-title":"Role of Natural Stilbenes in the Prevention of Cancer","volume":"2016","author":"Sirerol","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"348","article-title":"Polyphenols, dietary sources and bioavailability","volume":"43","author":"Filesi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Ist. Super Sanita"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2004.01.005","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying diabetes enhancement of endothelin-1-induced contraction in rabbit basilar artery","volume":"486","author":"Alabadi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.04337","article-title":"Association between pterostilbene and quercetin inhibits metastatic activity of B16 melanoma","volume":"7","author":"Ferrer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2016.01.054","article-title":"Protein-bound tyrosine oxidation, nitration and chlorination by-products assessed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"913","author":"Kuligowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2016.02.007","article-title":"Development of a reliable method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry to measure thiol-associated oxidative stress in whole blood samples","volume":"123","author":"Escobar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.10.021","article-title":"The protective effect of low-energy shock wave on testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury is mediated by the PI3K\/AKT\/NRF2 pathway","volume":"213","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.014","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of phosphocreatine on oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo: Involvement of dual PI3K\/Akt and Nrf2\/HO-1 pathways","volume":"120","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padiya, R., Chowdhury, D., Borkar, R., Srinivas, R., Pal Bhadra, M., and Banerjee, S.K. (2014). Garlic attenuates cardiac oxidative stress via activation of PI3K\/AKT\/Nrf2-Keap1 pathway in fructose-fed diabetic rat. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094228"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.11.007","article-title":"Resveratrol attenuates testicular apoptosis in type 1 diabetic mice: Role of Akt-mediated Nrf2 activation and p62-dependent Keap1 degradation","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(12)70948-9","article-title":"Resveratrol improves diabetic retinopathy possibly through oxidative stress - nuclear factor kappaB-apoptosis pathway","volume":"64","author":"Soufi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20111129-01","article-title":"Effect of resveratrol on Bcl-2 and VEGF expression in oxygen-induced retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"88","article-title":"Resveratrol Suppresses Expression of VEGF by Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells: Potential Nutraceutical for Age-related Macular Degeneration","volume":"5","author":"Nagineni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10647","article-title":"Green tea is neuroprotective in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"54","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12150","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules190812150","article-title":"Epigalloccatechin-3-gallate inhibits ocular neovascularization and vascular permeability in human retinal pigment epithelial and human retinal microvascular endothelial cells via suppression of MMP-9 and VEGF activation","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00191","article-title":"The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells for macular degeneration as a drug screening platform: Identification of curcumin as a protective agent for retinal pigment epithelial cells against oxidative stress","volume":"6","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-4-8","article-title":"Effects of curcumin on retinal oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes","volume":"4","author":"Kowluru","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"23","article-title":"Effect of quercetin on formation of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD)","volume":"26","author":"Zhuang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2014.06.009","article-title":"Retinal neuroprotective effects of quercetin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"125","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7584691","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7584691","article-title":"Resveratrol Prevents ROS-Induced Apoptosis in High Glucose-Treated Retinal Capillary Endothelial Cells via the Activation of AMPK\/Sirt1\/PGC-1","volume":"2017","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Zhang, Z.K., and Liang, S. (2016). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects retinal vascular endothelial cells from high glucose stress in vitro via the MAPK\/ERK-VEGF pathway. Genet. Mol. Res., 15.","DOI":"10.4238\/gmr.15027874"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, M., Yun, S., Lee, H., and Yang, J. (2017). Quercetin Mitigates Inflammatory Responses Induced by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Mouse Retinal Photoreceptor Cells through Suppression of Nuclear Factor Kappa B. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112497"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, C.M., Chang, H.H., Wang, V.C., Huang, C.L., and Hung, C.F. (2013). Inhibitory effects of resveratrol on PDGF-BB-induced retinal pigment epithelial cell migration via PDGFRbeta, PI3K\/Akt and MAPK pathways. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056819"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17295","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28347","article-title":"Curcumin prevents high glucose damage in retinal pigment epithelial cells through ERK1\/2-mediated activation of the Nrf2\/HO-1 pathway","volume":"234","author":"Bucolo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41988","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16716","article-title":"Pterostilbene inhibits inflammation and ROS production in chondrocytes by activating Nrf2 pathway","volume":"8","author":"Xue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.03.027","article-title":"Topical treatment with pterostilbene, a natural phytoalexin, effectively protects hairless mice against UVB radiation-induced skin damage and carcinogenesis","volume":"85","author":"Sirerol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"12589","article-title":"Pterostilbene impact on retinal endothelial cells under high glucose environment","volume":"8","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0886-7","article-title":"The mechanisms of alloxan- and streptozotocin-induced diabetes","volume":"51","author":"Lenzen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2006.02.036","article-title":"Effect of pterostilbene on hepatic key enzymes of glucose metabolism in streptozotocin- and nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats","volume":"79","author":"Pari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.172526","article-title":"Antidiabetic effects of pterostilbene through PI3K\/Akt signal pathway in high fat diet and STZ-induced diabetic rats","volume":"859","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9012352","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9012352","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Pterostilbene and Resveratrol on Biomechanic, Biochemical, and Histological Parameters in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"2018","author":"Tastekin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1483","article-title":"The antioxidant role of pterostilbene in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus in Wistar rats","volume":"58","author":"Pari","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22586","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M101846200","article-title":"Specific structural determinants are responsible for the antioxidant activity and the cell cycle effects of resveratrol","volume":"276","author":"Stivala","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3180","DOI":"10.1021\/jf803579e","article-title":"Dietary administration of high doses of pterostilbene and quercetin to mice is not toxic","volume":"57","author":"Ruiz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, B.J., Chiu, H.W., Lee, Y.L., Li, C.Y., Wang, Y.J., and Lee, Y.H. (2018). Pterostilbene Attenuates Hexavalent Chromium-Induced Allergic Contact Dermatitis by Preventing Cell Apoptosis and Inhibiting IL-1beta-Related NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. J. Clin. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7120489"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-016-0323-3","article-title":"Synergistic combinatorial antihyperlipidemic study of selected natural antioxidants; modulatory effects on lipid profile and endogenous antioxidants","volume":"15","author":"Hannan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463595","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/463595","article-title":"Analysis of safety from a human clinical trial with pterostilbene","volume":"2013","author":"Riche","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-864130","article-title":"Selective COX-2 inhibition by a Pterocarpus marsupium extract characterized by pterostilbene, and its activity in healthy human volunteers","volume":"71","author":"Hougee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289614","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/289614","article-title":"Creating a long-term diabetic rabbit model","volume":"2010","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5355","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19988","article-title":"Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer and Ganglion Cell Complex Thicknesses Are Reduced in Children with Type 1 Diabetes with No Evidence of Vascular Retinopathy","volume":"57","author":"Esmael","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3660","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-5041","article-title":"Decreased retinal ganglion cell layer thickness in patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"51","author":"Verbraak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.12.018","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of He-Ying-Qing-Re formula on retinal ganglion cell in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"214","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1159\/000493655","article-title":"Pterostilbene Reduces Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury by Activating the Nrf2 Antioxidative Defense System via the AMPK\/Akt\/GSK3beta Pathway","volume":"49","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-018-6780-3","article-title":"Pterostilbene Decreases Cardiac Oxidative Stress and Inflammation via Activation of AMPK\/Nrf2\/HO-1 Pathway in Fructose-Fed Diabetic Rats","volume":"32","author":"Kosuru","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2017.01.005","article-title":"Pterostilbene attenuates high glucose-induced oxidative injury in hippocampal neuronal cells by activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2","volume":"1863","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12577","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of pterostilbene against pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis mediated through Nrf2","volume":"171","author":"Bhakkiyalakshmi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7469326","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7469326","article-title":"Nrf2 Is an Attractive Therapeutic Target for Retinal Diseases","volume":"2016","author":"Nakagami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaw, P., and Chattopadhyay, A. (2019). Nrf2-ARE signaling in cellular protection: Mechanism of action and the regulatory mechanisms. J. Cell Physiol.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29219"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"9372182","article-title":"Activators and Inhibitors of NRF2: A Review of Their Potential for Clinical Development","volume":"2019","author":"Manda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-017-1734-4","article-title":"Pterostilbene protects against uraemia serum-induced endothelial cell damage via activation of Keap1\/Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2016.05.011","article-title":"Pterostilbene-mediated Nrf2 activation: Mechanistic insights on Keap1:Nrf2 interface","volume":"24","author":"Bhakkiyalakshmi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.2018-089","article-title":"Pterostilbene alleviates hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress via nuclear factor erythroid 2 like 2 pathway in mouse preimplantation embryos","volume":"65","author":"Ullah","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.04.001","article-title":"AKT\/PKB Signaling: Navigating the Network","volume":"169","author":"Manning","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/1\/82\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:46:08Z","timestamp":1760190368000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/1\/82"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,27]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12010082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12010082","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,27]]}}}