{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:29Z","timestamp":1787029229526,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]],"date-time":"2019-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vascular calcification is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease, and therefore, inhibition or regression of this processes is of clinical importance. The standard care regarding prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease at this moment mainly depends on drug therapy. In animal and preclinical studies, various forms of cardiovascular drug therapy seem to have a positive effect on vascular calcification. In particular, calcium channel blockers and inhibitors of the renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosteron system slowed down arterial calcification in experimental animals. In humans, the results of trials with these drugs are far less pronounced and often contradictory. There is limited evidence that the development of new atherosclerotic lesions may be retarded in patients with coronary artery disease, but existing lesions can hardly be influenced. Although statin therapy has a proven role in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, it is associated with both regression and acceleration of the vascular calcification process. Recently, nutritional supplements have been recognized as a potential tool to reduce calcification. This is particularly true for vitamin K, which acts as an inhibitor of vascular calcification. In addition to vitamin K, other dietary supplements may also modulate vascular function. In this narrative review, we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the pharmacological and nutritional possibilities to prevent the development and progression of vascular calcification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T03:28:53Z","timestamp":1578022133000},"page":"100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Pharmacological and Nutritional Modulation of Vascular Calcification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Liv M.","family":"Vossen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7750-8249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abraham A.","family":"Kroon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7867-6957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leon J.","family":"Schurgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4949-5812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter W.","family":"de Leeuw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.10.079","article-title":"Long-term prognosis associated with coronary calcification: Observations from a registry of 25,253 patients","volume":"49","author":"Budoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. 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