{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T01:08:52Z","timestamp":1787792932425,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Dairy Council (Ireland)","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the effects of cow\u2019s milk on recovery from repeated simulated team games (STGs) in females. Twenty female team-sport athletes completed an STG circuit (2x ~ 30 min, with 10 min \u2018half-time\u2019). Measures of muscle function, soreness and tiredness, symptoms of stress and serum markers of muscle damage and oxidative stress were determined pre- and 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h following the circuit. At 48 h, a second STG was completed. Sprint performance (5 m, 15 m), lap time, countermovement jump (CMJ), heart rate and RPE were recorded during each STG. Immediately following each STG, participants consumed either 500 mL of cow\u2019s milk (MILK) or 500 mL of an energy-matched carbohydrate (CHO) solution. Compared to CHO, MILK had a beneficial effect in attenuating losses in peak torque for knee extension (60\u00b0\/s) (likely; effect size (ES) = 0.26 to 0.28) knee flexion (60\u00b0\/s) (likely; ES = 0.45 to 0.61). A benefit for MILK was observed for 5 m sprint (possible-likely; ES = 0.40 to 0.58), 10 m sprint (likely; ES = 0.30 to 0.53) and symptoms of stress (likely\u2013very likely, small). Mostly unclear outcomes for other variables were observed. For STG variables, trivial (HR, CMJ) and unclear (5 m sprint, 15 m sprint, lap-time, RPE) outcomes were recorded. In conclusion, the consumption of 500 mL of milk attenuated losses in muscle function and perceptions of stress following repeated simulated team-sports games. However, further investigation is warranted to determine whether MILK can influence subsequent team-sport performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T03:37:47Z","timestamp":1578022667000},"page":"112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Can Milk Affect Recovery from Simulated Team-Sport Match Play?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Paula","family":"Rankin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, R93 V960 Carlow, Ireland"},{"name":"School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Callanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, R93 V960 Carlow, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Human performance, Dublin City University, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gareth","family":"Davison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown BT37 OQB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma J.","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Cockburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2633-8","article-title":"Neuromuscular function, hormonal and redox status and muscle damage of professional soccer players after a high level competitive match","volume":"113","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marin, D.P., dos Santos, M., de Cassia, R., Bolin, A.P., Guerra, B.A., Hatanaka, D., and Otton, R. (2011). Cytokines and oxidative stress status following a handball game in elite male players. Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev., 2011.","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/804873"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31815b8497","article-title":"Neuromuscular fatigue and recovery in elite female soccer: Effects of active recovery","volume":"40","author":"Andersson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2011.597420","article-title":"Metabolic impact of a soccer match on female players","volume":"29","author":"Gravina","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000293","article-title":"The influence of soccer playing actions on the recovery kinetics after a soccer match","volume":"28","author":"Nedelec","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3278","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181b60444","article-title":"Time-course of changes in oxidative stress and antioxidant status responses following a soccer game","volume":"24","author":"Fatouros","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3181818e0b","article-title":"Time-course of changes in inflammatory markers and performance responses following a soccer game","volume":"18","author":"Ispirlidis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-015-3245-2","article-title":"Muscle damage, inflammatory, immune and performance responses to three football games in 1 week in competitive male players","volume":"116","author":"Mohr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1139\/H10-017","article-title":"Effect of milk-based carbohydrate-protein supplement timing on the attenuation of exercise-induced muscle damage","volume":"35","author":"Cockburn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1139\/H08-057","article-title":"Acute milk-based protein-CHO supplementation attenuates exercise-induced muscle damage","volume":"33","author":"Cockburn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-015-3121-0","article-title":"The effect of milk on the attenuation of exercise-induced muscle damage in males and females","volume":"115","author":"Rankin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rankin, P., Landy, A., Stevenson, E., and Cockburn, E. (2018). Milk: An effective recovery drink for female athletes. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020228"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00941.2010","article-title":"Signals mediating skeletal muscle remodelling by resistance exercise: P13-kinase-independent activation of mTORC1","volume":"110","author":"Phillips","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-006-0593-z","article-title":"Effect of soy- and whey protein-isolate supplemented diet on the redox parameters of trained mice","volume":"45","author":"Elia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.04.015","article-title":"Effect of a special carbohydrate-protein cake on oxidative stress markers after exhaustive cycling in humans","volume":"50","author":"Kerasioti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-019-0288-5","article-title":"Impact of cow\u2019s milk intake on exercise performance and recovery of muscle function: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Alcantara","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S1440-2440(01)80004-9","article-title":"The validity of a repeated sprint ability test","volume":"4","author":"Bishop","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"183","article-title":"Ferrous ion oxidation in presence of ferric ion indicator xylenol orange for measurement of hypoperoxides","volume":"233","author":"Wolff","year":"1994","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1994.1357","article-title":"Measurement of plasma hydroperoxide concentrations by the ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange assay in conjunction with triphenylphosphine","volume":"220","author":"Tajaddinisarmadi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"465","article-title":"Determination of carbonyl content in oxidatively modified proteins","volume":"186","author":"Levine","year":"1990","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/10413209008406420","article-title":"A tool for measuring stress tolerance in elite athletes","volume":"2","author":"Rushall","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12241","article-title":"Rate of force development as a measure of muscle damage","volume":"25","author":"Blazevich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00283.2002","article-title":"Increased rate of force development and neural drive of human skeletal muscle following resistance training","volume":"93","author":"Aagaard","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.1.1.50","article-title":"Making meaningful inferences about magnitudes","volume":"1","author":"Batterham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Hopkins, W.G. (2019, November 23). Pre-Post Parallel Groups Trial (Excel Spreadsheet). Available online: http:\/\/www.sportsci.org."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Hopkins, W.G. (2017, January 10\u201314). P values down but not yet out. Proceedings of the 8th International Scientific Conference on Kinesiology, Opatiga, Croatia. Available online: http:\/\/www.sportsci.org."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410601111183","article-title":"Why self-report \u2018Liekert\u2019 scale data should not be log-transformed","volume":"25","author":"Nevill","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"15","article-title":"A spreadsheet for analysis of straightforward controlled trials","volume":"7","author":"Hopkins","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sportscience"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Hopkins, W.G. (2002). Probabilities of clinical or practical significance. Sportscience, 6. Available online: https:\/\/www.sportsci.org\/jour\/0201\/wghprob.htm."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"49","article-title":"Linear models and effect magnitudes for research, clinical and practical applications","volume":"14","author":"Hopkins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sportscience"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Groen, B.B., Horstman, A.M., Hamer, H.M., De Hann, M., van Kranenburg, J., Bierau, J., Poeze, M., Wodzig, W.K., Rasmussen, B.B., and van Loon, L.J.C. (2015). Post-prandial protein handling: You are what you just ate. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141582"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26401","article-title":"Ingested protein dose-response of muscle and albumin protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young men","volume":"89","author":"Moore","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12893","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12893","article-title":"The response of muscle protein synthesis following whole-body resistance exercise is greater following 40 g than 20 g of ingested whey protein","volume":"4","author":"Macnaughton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.12.2.145","article-title":"Influence of carbohydrate supplementation on plasma cytokine and neutrophil degranulation responses to high intensity intermittent exercise","volume":"12","author":"Bishop","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2009.00989.x","article-title":"Differences in the inflammatory plama cytokine response following two elite female soccer games separated by a 72h recovery","volume":"20","author":"Andersson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2017-0275","article-title":"The effect of milk on recovery from repeat-sprint cycling in female team-sport athletes","volume":"43","author":"Rankin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2011.03.008","article-title":"A comparison of muscle damage, soreness and performance following a simulated contact and non-contact team sport activity circuit","volume":"14","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2007.12.011","article-title":"Effect of water immersion methods on post-exercise recovery from simulated team sport exercise","volume":"12","author":"Ingram","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.3.4.454","article-title":"The effects of compression garments on intermittent exercise performance and recovery on consecutive days","volume":"3","author":"Duffield","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.4.1828","article-title":"Effects of ovariectomy and estrogen on ischemia-reperfusion in hindlimbs of female rats","volume":"91","author":"Stupka","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2013.03.003","article-title":"Effects of creatine supplementation on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers after repeated-sprint exercise in humans","volume":"29","author":"Deminice","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.023","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms underlying oxidative stress in human exercise","volume":"98","author":"Jackson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0838.2003.02477.x","article-title":"Recent advances in the understanding of the repeated bout effect: The protective effect against muscle damage from a single bout of eccentric exercise","volume":"13","author":"McHugh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/1\/112\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:47:19Z","timestamp":1760190439000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/1\/112"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12010112"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12010112","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]]}}}