{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T19:23:24Z","timestamp":1781810604905,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]],"date-time":"2020-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diet may modulate chronic inflammation. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the dietary inflammatory index (DII\u00ae) was associated with the risk of colorectal cancer in a Chinese population. A case-control study was conducted from July 2010 to April 2019, in Guangzhou, China. A total of 2502 eligible cases were recruited along with 2538 age- (5-year interval) and sex-matched controls. Dietary data derived from a validated food frequency questionnaire were used to calculate the energy-adjusted DII (E-DII) scores. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for colorectal cancer risk were estimated using unconditional logistic regression models. In this study, E-DII scores ranged from \u22125.96 (the most anti-inflammatory score) to +6.01 (the most pro-inflammatory score). A positive association was found between the E-DII and colorectal cancer risk, with the OR = 1.40 (95% CI 1.16, 1.68; Ptrend &lt; 0.01) for the highest E-DII quartile compared with the lowest quartile after adjusting for potential confounders. When stratified based on cancer subsite, sex, body mass index, and smoking status, significant associations were not observed in women or underweight individuals. Results from this study confirmed that a higher E-DII score was associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer in a Chinese population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,17]],"date-time":"2020-01-17T04:14:41Z","timestamp":1579234481000},"page":"232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The Dietary Inflammatory Index Is Positively Associated with Colorectal Cancer Risk in a Chinese Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alinuer","family":"Abulimiti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitin","family":"Shivappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC 29201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"H\u00e9bert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC 29201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Jing","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, China"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chu-Yi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Li","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1658-5528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9671-9412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cai-Xia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-012-0352-6","article-title":"Inflammation and colorectal cancer: Colitis-associated neoplasia","volume":"Volume 35","author":"Grivennikov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Seminars Immunopathology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12734","article-title":"Inflammatory and redox reactions in colorectal carcinogenesis","volume":"1340","author":"Guina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.03.034","article-title":"Risk of cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: A nationwide population-based cohort study with 30 years of follow-up evaluation","volume":"12","author":"Kappelman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.04.054","article-title":"Incidence and mortality of colorectal adenocarcinoma in persons with inflammatory bowel disease from 1998 to 2010","volume":"143","author":"Herrinton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-0039","article-title":"Low-dose aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and colorectal cancer risk: A population-based, case-control study","volume":"163","author":"Friis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Int. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3754","article-title":"Nutrition, inflammation and cancer","volume":"18","author":"Zitvogel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.03.052","article-title":"The effects of diet on inflammation: Emphasis on the metabolic syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Giugliano","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12035","article-title":"Dietary pattern analysis and biomarkers of low-grade inflammation: A systematic literature review","volume":"71","author":"Barbaresko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2014.03.003","article-title":"Mediterranean dietary pattern, inflammation and endothelial function: A systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention trials","volume":"24","author":"Schwingshackl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2016.245","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and colorectal cancer risk: A pooled analysis of three Italian case-control studies","volume":"115","author":"Rosato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013002115","article-title":"Designing and developing a literature-derived, population-based dietary inflammatory index","volume":"17","author":"Shivappa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600630","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600630","article-title":"Association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and telomere length and C-reactive protein from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-1999-2002","volume":"61","author":"Shivappa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shivappa, N., H\u00e9bert, J.R., Marcos, A., Diaz, L.E., Gomez, S., Nova, E., Michels, N., Arouca, A., Gonzalez-Gil, E., and Frederic, G. (2017). Association between dietary inflammatory index and inflammatory markers in the HELENA study. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 61.","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600707"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.11.016","article-title":"Dietary inflammatory index is positively associated with serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in a Korean adult population","volume":"63\u201364","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1471","article-title":"Validation of a Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and association with risk of gastric cancer: A case-control study","volume":"19","author":"Vahid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.04.004","article-title":"Association of proinflammatory diet with low-grade inflammation: Results from the Moli-sani study","volume":"54","author":"Shivappa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110569","article-title":"Validating the dietary inflammatory index using inflammatory biomarkers in a Japanese population: A cross-sectional study of the JPHC-FFQ validation study","volume":"69","author":"Kotemori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-019-1221-y","article-title":"Associations between dietary inflammatory index scores and inflammatory biomarkers among older adults in the Lothian birth cohort 1936 study","volume":"23","author":"Corley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-14-0537","article-title":"Dietary inflammatory index and risk of colorectal cancer in the Iowa Women\u2019s Health Study","volume":"23","author":"Shivappa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-014-0515-y","article-title":"The association between dietary inflammatory index and risk of colorectal cancer among postmenopausal women: Results from the Women\u2019s Health Initiative","volume":"26","author":"Tabung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451500104X","article-title":"The dietary inflammatory index is associated with colorectal cancer in the National Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons Diet and Health Study","volume":"113","author":"Wirth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"430","article-title":"The dietary inflammatory index is associated with colorectal cancer risk in the multiethnic cohort","volume":"147","author":"Harmon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx115","article-title":"Changes in the inflammatory potential of diet over time and risk of colorectal cancer in postmenopausal women","volume":"186","author":"Tabung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-014-0447-x","article-title":"Dietary inflammatory index and inflammatory gene interactions in relation to colorectal cancer risk in the Bellvitge colorectal cancer case-control study","volume":"10","author":"Shivappa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515001828","article-title":"Inflammatory potential of diet and risk of colorectal cancer: A case-control study from Italy","volume":"114","author":"Shivappa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2018.1397710","article-title":"Proinflammatory dietary intake is associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer: Results of a case-control study in Argentina using a multilevel modeling approach","volume":"70","author":"Niclis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2017.05.010","article-title":"Inflammatory diet and risk for colorectal cancer: A population-based case-control study in Newfoundland, Canada","volume":"42","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obon-Santacana, M., Romaguera, D., Gracia-Lavedan, E., Molinuevo, A., Molina-Montes, E., Shivappa, N., H\u00e9bert, J.R., Tardon, A., Castano-Vinyals, G., and Moratalla, F. (2019). Dietary inflammatory index, dietary non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity, and colorectal and breast cancer risk (MCC-Spain Study). Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061406"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, Y.A., Lee, J., Oh, J.H., Shin, A., and Kim, J. (2016). Dietary inflammatory index and risk of colorectal cancer: A case-control study in Korea. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8080469"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2017-0035","article-title":"Dietary inflammatory index and odds of colorectal cancer in a case-control study from Jordan","volume":"42","author":"Shivappa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafiee, P., Shivappa, N., H\u00e9bert, J.R., Nasab, S.J., Bahrami, A., Hekmatdoost, A., Rashidkhani, B., Sadeghi, A., Houshyari, M., and Hejazi, E. (2019). Dietary inflammatory index and odds of colorectal cancer and colorectal adenomatous polyps in a case-control study from Iran. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061213"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1999","article-title":"Dietary Inflammatory index and odds of colorectal cancer in a case- control study from Iran","volume":"19","author":"Shivappa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513003917","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of dietary patterns in Chinese adults from 1991 to 2009","volume":"111","author":"Batis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0b013e32835e88c4","article-title":"Dietary fat, fatty acid intakes and colorectal cancer risk in Chinese adults: A case-control study","volume":"22","author":"Zhong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.117507","article-title":"Habitual intake of flavonoid subclasses and risk of colorectal cancer in 2 large prospective cohorts","volume":"103","author":"Nimptsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-015-0235-z","article-title":"Classification of occupational activity categories using accelerometry: NHANES 2003\u20132004","volume":"12","author":"Steeves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S498","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200009001-00009","article-title":"Compendium of physical activities: An update of activity codes and MET intensities","volume":"32","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31821ece12","article-title":"2011 compendium of physical activities: A second update of codes and MET values","volume":"43","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"83","article-title":"Predictive values of body mass index and waist circumference for risk factors of certain related diseases in Chinese adults\u2014Study on optimal cut-off points of body mass index and waist circumference in Chinese adults","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"240","article-title":"Validity and reproducibility of a food frequency Questionnaire among Chinese women in Guangdong province","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Yang, Y.X., Wang, G.Y., and Pan, X.C. (2002). China Food Composition, Peking University Medical Press."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199103000-00008","article-title":"Analysis of quantitative data by quantiles in epidemiologic studies: Classification according to cases, noncases, or all subjects?","volume":"2","author":"Hsieh","year":"1991","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shivappa, N., Godos, J., H\u00e9bert, J.R., Wirth, M.D., Piuri, G., Speciani, A.F., and Grosso, G. (2017). Dietary inflammatory index and colorectal cancer risk-a meta-analysis. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9091043"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.1.42","article-title":"Chronic subclinical inflammation as part of the insulin resistance syndrome: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS)","volume":"102","author":"Festa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327914NC3701_2","article-title":"Mechanisms linking diet and colorectal cancer: The possible role of insulin resistance","volume":"37","author":"Bruce","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1271","article-title":"Possible mechanisms relating diet and risk of colon cancer","volume":"9","author":"Bruce","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4015","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-04-0031","article-title":"Different genetic features associated with colon and rectal carcinogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Frattini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy, N., Strickler, H.D., Stanczyk, F.Z., Xue, X., Wassertheil-Smoller, S., Rohan, T.E., Ho, G.Y., Anderson, G.L., Potter, J.D., and Gunter, M.J. (2015). A Prospective evaluation of endogenous sex hormone levels and colorectal cancer risk in postmenopausal women. JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 107.","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv210"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(03)00239-9","article-title":"Oestrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) is abundantly expressed in normal colonic mucosa, but declines in colon adenocarcinoma paralleling the tumour\u2019s dedifferentiation","volume":"39","author":"Konstantinopoulos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2010-0452","article-title":"Estrogen receptor beta induces antiinflammatory and antitumorigenic networks in colon cancer cells","volume":"25","author":"Edvardsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2014.07.006","article-title":"Mechanisms behind the link between obesity and gastrointestinal cancers","volume":"28","author":"Tilg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200319246","article-title":"Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue","volume":"112","author":"Weisberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29881","article-title":"Obesity induces a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophage polarization","volume":"117","author":"Lumeng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948098","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/948098","article-title":"Macrophages in tumor microenvironments and the progression of tumors","volume":"2012","author":"Hao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2012.01024.x","article-title":"Mechanisms linking obesity, inflammation and altered metabolism to colon carcinogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Schwartz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dju294","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dju294","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and variations in systemic immune and inflammation markers","volume":"106","author":"Shiels","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31919","article-title":"Association between the dietary inflammatory index and all-cause mortality in colorectal cancer long-term survivors","volume":"144","author":"Ratjen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"272","article-title":"The trend of clinical characteristics of colorectal cancer during the past 20 years in Guangdong province","volume":"86","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"598","article-title":"Analysis and prediction of colorectal cancer incidence trend in China","volume":"46","author":"Dai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/1\/232\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:19:53Z","timestamp":1760361593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/1\/232"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12010232"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12010232","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]]}}}