{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T19:14:24Z","timestamp":1785352464035,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]],"date-time":"2020-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lutein and zeaxanthin play important roles in visual functions, but their influence on early visual development is unclear. We related maternal lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations during pregnancy to offspring visual acuity (VA) in 471 mother\u2013child pairs from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) cohort. Maternal concentrations of plasma lutein and zeaxanthin were determined at delivery. We measured uncorrected distance of VA in 3-year old children using a LEA Symbols chart; readings were converted to the logarithm of Minimum Angle of Resolution (logMAR), with &gt;0.3 logMAR indicating poor VA. Associations were examined using linear or Poisson regression adjusted for confounders. The median (inter-quartile range) of maternal lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations were 0.13 (0.09, 0.18) and 0.09 (0.07, 0.12) \u00b5mol\/L, respectively. A total of 126 children had poor VA. The highest tertile of maternal zeaxanthin concentration was associated with 38% lower likelihood of poor VA in children (95% CI: 0.42, 0.93, p-Trends = 0.02). Higher maternal lutein concentrations were associated with a lower likelihood of poor VA in children (RR 0.60 (95% CI: 0.40, 0.88) for middle tertile; RR 0.78 (95% CI: 0.51, 1.19) for highest tertile (p-Quadratic = 0.02)). In conclusion, lutein and zeaxanthin status during pregnancy may influence offspring early visual development; but the results require confirmation with further studies, including more comprehensive measurements of macular functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]],"date-time":"2020-01-21T11:25:59Z","timestamp":1579605959000},"page":"274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Maternal Lutein and Zeaxanthin Concentrations in Relation to Offspring Visual Acuity at 3 Years of Age: The GUSTO Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jun S.","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research, Singapore 117609, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaishnavi O.","family":"Veetil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9918-787X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Lanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bee Lan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4643-0618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith M.","family":"Godfrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit &amp; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton &amp; University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter D.","family":"Gluckman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research, Singapore 117609, Singapore"},{"name":"Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynette P.","family":"Shek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research, Singapore 117609, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, KK Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1945-0266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kok Hian","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yap Seng","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research, Singapore 117609, Singapore"},{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Choon Nam","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl S","family":"Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seang-Mei","family":"Saw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore"},{"name":"Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0587-2505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary F. F.","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research, Singapore 117609, Singapore"},{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Treuting, P.M., Dintzis, S.M., and Montine, K.S. (2018). Chapter 21\u2014Special Senses: Eye. Comparative Anatomy and Histology, Academic Press. [3nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802900-8.00022-1"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"Possible influences of lutein and zeaxanthin on the developing retina","volume":"1","author":"Zimmer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. 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