{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:11:52Z","timestamp":1790799112695,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]],"date-time":"2020-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TBD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TBD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spontaneous preterm birth is associated with vaginal microbial dysbiosis. As certain strains of lactobacilli help restore homeostasis in non-pregnant women, the goal was to determine the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 administered orally, twice daily for 12 weeks on the vaginal microbiota, cytokines and chemokines of low-risk pregnant women. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial comparing probiotic lactobacilli to placebo daily was performed in 86 asymptomatic pregnant women who had an Intermediate or Bacterial Vaginosis Nugent score at 13 weeks. After drop outs, 32 women receiving probiotics and 34 receiving placebo completed the study. The Nugent score returned to normal in 30% of the women in both groups at 28 weeks and was maintained until 35 weeks. The majority of subjects had normal pregnancy outcomes. Ninety-three bacterial species were detected at 13 weeks, with Lactobacillus iners, Lactobacillus crispatus, Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae being the most abundant across pregnancy. There was no difference in the Shannon diversity index between the probiotic and placebo groups at 13, 28 or 35 weeks. Almost all subjects consumed fermented foods and many of the organisms in the vagina are also known to be present in fermented foods. Interleukin-4 in the placebo group and Interleukin-10 in both probiotic and placebo groups increased slightly at 28 weeks but were not different at 35 weeks when compared to 13 weeks. In conclusion, this study showed no adverse issues resulting from 12 week use of probiotic Lactobacillus strains GR-1 and RC-14 during pregnancy in women at low risk for premature birth. The vaginal microbiota demonstrated flux irrespective of this oral probiotic administration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]],"date-time":"2020-01-31T05:55:46Z","timestamp":1580450146000},"page":"368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Effect of Oral Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 on the Vaginal Microbiota, Cytokines and Chemokines in Pregnant Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Siwen","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Physiology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1E2, Canada"},{"name":"Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9658-5696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregor","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada"},{"name":"Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.G.","family":"Challis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Physiology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1E2, Canada"},{"name":"Western Australian Health Translation Network, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory B.","family":"Gloor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9468-2860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Asztalos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Newborn &amp; Developmental Paediatrics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5A 1B2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Money","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, 317-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Seney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan D.","family":"Bocking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Physiology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1E2, Canada"},{"name":"Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1067\/S0002-9378(03)00495-2","article-title":"The potential for probiotics to prevent bacterial vaginosis and preterm labor","volume":"189","author":"Reid","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. 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