{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:12:34Z","timestamp":1790626354983,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]],"date-time":"2020-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Children of migrant families are known to be at a higher risk of diet-related morbidities due to complex variables including food insecurity, cultural and religious beliefs, and sociodemographic factors like ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and education. Several studies have assessed the presence of specific diseases related to dietary issues in migrant children. This systematic review aims to highlight the existing body of work on nutritional deficiencies in the specific vulnerable pediatric population of immigrants. Refugees were intentionally excluded because of fundamental differences between the two groups including the reasons for migration and health status at the time of arrival. A total of 29 papers were included and assessed for quality. Most of them described a strong correlation between obesity and migration. A high prevalence of stunting, early childhood caries, iron and vitamin D deficiency was also reported, but the studies were few and heterogeneous. Food insecurity and acculturation were found important social factors (nevertheless with inconclusive results) influencing dietary habits and contributing to the development of morbidities such as obesity and other metabolic disorders, which can cause progressive unsustainability of health systems. Public health screening for diet-related diseases in migrant children may be implemented. Educational programs to improve children\u2019s diet and promote healthy-living behaviors as a form of socioeconomic investment for the health of the new generations may also be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]],"date-time":"2020-01-31T11:55:56Z","timestamp":1580471756000},"page":"379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Food Insecurity and Major Diet-Related Morbidities in Migrating Children: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7516-243X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Dondi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), S.Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Piccinno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric and Neonatology Unit, Imola Hospital, 40026 Imola (Bologna), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Morigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), S.Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sugitha","family":"Sureshkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Global Health, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4954-9419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Gori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Lanari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), S.Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations, Deparment of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019) (2019, December 26). World Population Prospects 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/development\/desa\/population\/index.asp."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Foresight (2011). Migration and Global Environmental Change."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2006.01.016","article-title":"Position of the American Dietetic Association: Food insecurity and hunger in the United States","volume":"106","author":"Holben","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.4.1073","article-title":"Child food insecurity increases risks posed by household food insecurity to young children\u2019s health","volume":"136","author":"Cook","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-3717","article-title":"Household food insecurity: Associations with at-risk infant and toddler development","volume":"121","author":"Black","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.6.1432","article-title":"Food insecurity is associated with adverse health outcomes among human infants and toddlers","volume":"134","author":"Cook","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e859","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0239","article-title":"Food insecurity and the risks of depression and anxiety in mothers and behavior problems in their preschool-aged children","volume":"118","author":"Whitaker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.12.2831","article-title":"Food insecurity affects school children\u2019s academic performance, weight gain, and social skills","volume":"135","author":"Jyoti","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Nord, M., Andrews, M.S., and Carlson, S. (2008). Household food security in the United States, 2008."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capps, R. (2001). Hardship among Children of Immigrants: Finding from the National Survey of America\u2019s Families, The Urban Institute.","DOI":"10.1037\/e691742011-001"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Hernandez, D.J., College, H., and Napierala, J.S. (2012). Children in Immigrant Families: Essential to America\u2019s Future. The Foundation for Child Development. Available online: https:\/\/www.fcd-us.org\/children-in-immigrant-families-essential-to-americas-future\/."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.04.042","article-title":"Food in security and children\u2019s rights to adequate nutrition in Europe","volume":"198","author":"Ehrich","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Audrey, L., Pereira, L., Handa, S., and Holmqvist, G. (2020, January 22). Prevalence and correlates of food insecurity among children across the globe. Available online: https:\/\/www.unicef-irc.org\/publications\/pdf\/IWP_2017_09.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"w14065","article-title":"Iron deficiency in infancy: Is an immigrant more at risk?","volume":"144","author":"Verga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40985-016-0018-3","article-title":"Nutritional rickets in immigrant and refugee children","volume":"37","author":"Thacher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e427","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2097","article-title":"Iron deficiency anemia and cognitive function in infancy","volume":"126","author":"Carter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.2","article-title":"Maintenance of traditional cultural orientation is associated with lower rates of obesity and sedentary behaviours among African migrant children to developed countries","volume":"32","author":"Renzaho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.32.3.d5180888m8gmm282","article-title":"Dental health of children: Where we are today and remaining challenges","volume":"32","author":"Roberts","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-6-S1-S4","article-title":"Reducing oral health disparities: A focus on social and cultural determinants","volume":"6","author":"Patrick","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (2004). Reference manual 2004\u20132005. Pediatr. Dent., 26, 1\u2013203."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"262","article-title":"Nursing caries: A comprehensive review","volume":"10","author":"Ripa","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2017-0407","article-title":"Chronic health disparities among refugee and immigrant children in Canada","volume":"43","author":"Lane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.2.220","article-title":"Poverty, family process, and the mental health of immigrant children in Canada","volume":"92","author":"Beiser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461506061757","article-title":"Longitudinal research to promote effective refugee resettlement","volume":"43","author":"Beiser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transcult. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/jrs\/16.1.67","article-title":"Are refugee children an at-risk group? A longitudinal study of Cambodian adolescents","volume":"16","author":"Rousseau","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Refugee Stud."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D.G., and PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Effective Public Health Practice Project (2019, December 19). Quality assessment tool for quantitative studies. Available online: https:\/\/merst.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/quality-assessment-tool_2010.pdf."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019, December 19). Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection. Definition of key terms. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/pub\/guidelines\/arv2013\/intro\/keyterms\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"OMICS International (2019, December 19). Nutritional status research articles. Available online: https:\/\/www.omicsonline.org\/nutrition-disorder-and-therapy\/nutritional-status-research-articles.php."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Zachary, J.F. (2017). Chapter 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death. Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, Mosby Elsevier. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2019, December 19). Food Security Information for Action Practical Guides. An Introduction to the Basic Concepts of Food Security. FAO 2008. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/al936e\/al936e00.pdf."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.6.816","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and health: How education, income, and occupation contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease","volume":"82","author":"Winkleby","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"International Organization for Migration (2019, December 23). Key migration terms. Available online: https:\/\/www.iom.int\/key-migration-terms."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Besharov, D.J., and Lopez, M.H. (2016). Adjusting to a World in Motion: Trends in Global Migration and Migration Policy, Oxford University Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780190211394.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-010-9332-x","article-title":"Factors associated with overweight and obesity among children of Mexican descent: Results of a binational study","volume":"13","author":"Rosas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immigr. Minor. Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3042","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980014003309","article-title":"Correlates of food patterns in young Latino children at high risk of obesity","volume":"18","author":"Kaiser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-016-0460-9","article-title":"Effects of a randomised controlled school-based health promotion intervention on obesity related behavioural outcomes of children with migration background","volume":"19","author":"Kobel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immigr. Minor. Health"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/476230","article-title":"Intervention effects of a school-based health promotion programme on obesity related behavioural outcomes","volume":"2014","author":"Kobel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/1540415319836384","article-title":"Motivational interviewing and home visits to improve health behaviors and reduce childhood obesity: A pilot study","volume":"17","author":"Early","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hisp. Health Care Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-015-0126-6","article-title":"Childhood overweight and obesity in a region of Italian immigration in Southern Brazil: A cross-sectional study","volume":"41","author":"Geremia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/FCH.0000000000000228","article-title":"chronic stress and food insecurity: examining key environmental family factors related to body mass index among low-income mexican-origin youth","volume":"42","author":"Distel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fam. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-009-9263-6","article-title":"Predictors of obesity in Latino children: Acculturation as a moderator of the relationship between food insecurity and body mass index percentile","volume":"13","author":"Buscemi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immigr. Minor. Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945910381597","article-title":"Patterns and correlates of nutrition among migrant farm-worker children","volume":"34","author":"Kilanowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"West. J. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2010.248","article-title":"Independent contribution of parental migrant status and educational level to adiposity and eating habits in preschool children","volume":"65","author":"Ebenegger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e018768","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018768","article-title":"Association between acculturation and body weight status among migrant children in Guangzhou, China: A cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4578","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004578","article-title":"Obesity, diabetes, and length of time in the United States: Analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999 to 2012","volume":"95","author":"Tsujimoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0199-6","article-title":"Prospective associations between social vulnerabilities and children\u2019s weight status. Results from the IDEFICS study","volume":"42","author":"Iguacel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. (Lond)"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labree, W., van de Mheen, D., Rutten, F., Rodenburg, G., Koopmans, G., and Foets, M. (2015). Differences in Overweight and Obesity among Children from Migrant and Native Origin: The Role of Physical Activity, Dietary Intake, and Sleep Duration. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123672"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Besharat Pour, M., Bergstr\u00f6m, A., Bottai, M., Kull, I., Wickman, M., H\u00e5kansson, N., Wolk, A., and Moradi, T. (2014). Effect of parental migration background on childhood nutrition, physical activity, and body mass index. J. Obes., 406529.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/406529"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-017-0619-z","article-title":"Healthy Living Behaviors AmongChinese-American Preschool-Aged Children: Results of a Parent Survey","volume":"20","author":"Chomitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immigr. Minor. Health"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.12386","article-title":"Skeletal growth, body composition, and metabolic risk among North Sudanese immigrant children","volume":"35","author":"Alasagheirin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-9-62","article-title":"Feeding styles and child weight status among recent immigrant mother-child dyads","volume":"9","author":"Tovar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.10.040","article-title":"Chinese and Korean immigrants\u2019 early life deprivation: An important factor for child feeding practices and children\u2019s body weight in the United States","volume":"74","author":"Cheah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.04.027","article-title":"Ethnic-group socioeconomic status as an indicator of community-level disadvantage: A study of overweight\/obesity in Asian American adolescents","volume":"184","author":"Cook","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-018-0841-3","article-title":"Drivers of Overweight\/Obesity in 4-11 Year Old Children of Australians and Immigrants; Evidence from Growing Up in Australia","volume":"21","author":"Zulfiqar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immigr. Minor. Health"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-011-9464-7","article-title":"Chronic malnutrition among overweight Hispanic children: Understanding health disparities","volume":"13","author":"Iriart","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immigr. Minor. Health"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1017\/S002193200900340X","article-title":"Is migration status a determinant of urban nutrition insecurity? Empirical evidence from Mumbai city, India","volume":"41","author":"Choudhary","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biosoc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460.2014.993704","article-title":"Changes in nutritional status among displaced North Korean children living in South Korea","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"805","article-title":"Early childhood caries and access to dental care among children of Portuguese-speaking immigrants in the city of Toronto","volume":"74","author":"Werneck","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Can. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5051561","article-title":"Vitamin D insufficiency and bone mineral status in a population of newcomer children in Canada","volume":"5","author":"Vatanparast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12460","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12460","article-title":"Very low prevalence of iron deficiency among young French children: A national cross-sectional hospital-based survey","volume":"14","author":"Sacri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matern. Child. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-309398","article-title":"Iron status of young children from immigrant families","volume":"101","author":"Saunders","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2005.12.010","article-title":"Nonsupplemented children of Latino immigrants have low vitamin E intakes and plasma concentrations and normal vitamin C, selenium, and carotenoid intakes and plasma concentrations","volume":"106","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2004.9","article-title":"Childhood overweight and academic performance: National study of kindergartners and first-graders","volume":"12","author":"Datar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.157.8.746","article-title":"Social marginalization of overweight children","volume":"157","author":"Strauss","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0678","article-title":"Overweight, obesity, and health-related quality of life among adolescents: The national longitudinal study of adolescent health","volume":"115","author":"Swallen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2004.28","article-title":"The high prevalence of overweight and obesity in Mexican children","volume":"12","author":"Berber","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.222","article-title":"Long-term impact of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence on morbidity and premature mortality in adulthood: Systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Reilly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. (Lond)"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-9024","article-title":"Influence of race, ethnicity, and culture on childhood obesity: Implications for prevention and treatment: A consensus statement of Shaping America\u2019s Health and the Obesity Society","volume":"31","author":"Caprio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elinder, L.S., Heinemans, N., Zeebari, Z., and Patterson, E. (2014). Longitudinal changes in health behaviours and body weight among Swedish school children\u2013associations with age, gender and parental education\u2013the SCIP school cohort. BMC Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-640"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2912","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.347","article-title":"Overweight in Swiss children and associations with children\u2019s and parents\u2019 characteristics","volume":"15","author":"Lasserre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980007193940","article-title":"Impact of parental education and income inequality on children\u2019s food intake","volume":"10","author":"Sausenthaler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"317","article-title":"The healthy immigrant effect: Patterns and evidence from four countries","volume":"16","author":"Kennedy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Int. Migr. Integr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-017-0274-7","article-title":"Obesity in International Migrant Populations","volume":"6","author":"Murphy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-015-0404-3","article-title":"Epidemiological Paradox or Immigrant Vulnerability? Obesity Among Young Children of Immigrants","volume":"52","author":"Baker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cku111","article-title":"Obesity and physical activity in children of immigrants","volume":"24","author":"Zaccagni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/19320240902915250","article-title":"Does food insecurity influence child feeding practices?","volume":"4","author":"Kuyper","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hunger. Environ. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-011-9420-4","article-title":"Exploring mediators of food insecurity and obesity: A review of recent literature","volume":"37","author":"Franklin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.04.025","article-title":"The food-insecurity obesity paradox: A resource scarcity hypothesis","volume":"162","author":"Dhurandhar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2880","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.11.2880","article-title":"Food insecurity is associated with past and present economic disadvantage and body mass index","volume":"131","author":"Lahelma","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600998","article-title":"Undernutrition in relation to childhood infections: A prospective study in the Sudan","volume":"54","author":"Kossmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12231","article-title":"Childhood stunting: A global perspective","volume":"12","author":"Branca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Matern. Child. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.09.010","article-title":"Oral health of indigenous children and the influence of early childhood caries on childhood health and well-being","volume":"56","author":"Schroth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"254","article-title":"Malnourishment in a population of young children with severe early childhood caries","volume":"28","author":"Clarke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7S","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2006.0403","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between periodontal disease and pregnancy complications","volume":"137","author":"Bobetsis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"243a","article-title":"Financing and delivering oral health care: What can we learn from other countries?","volume":"71","author":"Birch","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Can. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"57","article-title":"Dental insurance, income and the use of dental care in Canada","volume":"73","author":"Bhatti","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Can. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2019.07.004","article-title":"Vitamin D for skeletal and non-skeletal health: What we should know","volume":"10","author":"Charoenngam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29449","article-title":"Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets","volume":"116","author":"Holick","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5152\/tpd.2014.3149","article-title":"The effects of intestinal parasites on anemia of children","volume":"38","author":"Zeyrek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Turkiye Parazitol Derg"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2018.10.006","article-title":"Occurrence of intestinal parasites among asylum seekers in Italy: A cross-sectional study","volume":"27","author":"Ceccarelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"5S18","article-title":"Iron and neurodevelopment","volume":"24","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2014.07.003","article-title":"Iron and mechanisms of emotional behavior","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.1.234","article-title":"Iron supplementation improves iron status and reduces morbidity in children with or without upper respiratory tract infections: A randomized controlled study in Colombo, Sri Lanka","volume":"77","author":"Atukorala","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"24","article-title":"Behavior of infants with iron-deficiency anemia","volume":"69","author":"Lozoff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child. Dev."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e336","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2525","article-title":"An event-related potential study of attention and recognition memory in infants with iron-deficiency anemia","volume":"120","author":"Burden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"206","article-title":"Anemia in patients with intestinal parasitic infection","volume":"70","author":"Vicentini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Ibero-Latinoam Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Innocenzo, S., Biagi, C., and Lanari, M. (2019). Obesity and the Mediterranean Diet: A Review of Evidence of the Role and Sustainability of the Mediterranean Diet. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061306"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2015-004521","article-title":"Addressing basic resource needs to improve primary care quality","volume":"25","author":"Berkowitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Qual. Saf."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2017.1315","article-title":"AIR Louisville: Addressing asthma with technology, crowdsourcing, cross-sector collaboration, and policy","volume":"37","author":"Barrett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Aff. (Millwood)"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S197","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001051","article-title":"Clinician experiences and attitudes regarding screening for social determinants of health in a large integrated health system","volume":"57","author":"Schickedanz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.11.009","article-title":"Impact of risk stratification on referrals and uptake of wraparound services that address social determinants","volume":"56","author":"Vest","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S133","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001029","article-title":"Implementing an EHR-based screening and referral system to address social determinants of health in primary care","volume":"57","author":"Losi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2018.03.170419","article-title":"Clinician experiences with screening for social needs in primary care","volume":"31","author":"Tong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Board Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"The American Board of Family Medicine (2019, December 19). PRIME Registry. Available online: https:\/\/primeregistry.org\/."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8462-5-12","article-title":"Obesity prevention: The role of policies, laws and regulations","volume":"5","author":"Swinburn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aust. New Zealand Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60815-5","article-title":"Changing the future of obesity: Science, policy, and action","volume":"378","author":"Gortmaker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"A13","article-title":"Law as a tool for preventing chronic diseases: Expanding the range of effective public health strategies","volume":"1","author":"Mensah","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic. Dis."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2016.12.013","article-title":"Lessons From ACEs: Pay Now or Pay (More) Later","volume":"17","author":"Grimes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acad. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"Stock, R., and Goldberg, B.W. (2017). Health reform policy to practice. Oregon\u2019s path to a sustainable health system: A study in innovation, Academic Press. [1st ed.]. Chapter 7."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greaves, F., and Rozenblum, R. (2017). Chapter 18: Social and Consumer Informatics. Key Advances in Clinical Informatics. Transforming Health Care Through Health Information Technology, Elsevier Science. Aziz Sheikh.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809523-2.00018-2"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose, G.A. (1992). The strategy of preventive medicine, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192624864.001.0001"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/2\/379\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:53:28Z","timestamp":1760172808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/2\/379"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12020379"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12020379","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]]}}}