{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:22:16Z","timestamp":1790709736325,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dietary intake of fiber-rich food has been reported to contribute to multiple health benefits. The aim of the current study is to investigate the effects of a diet containing the outer bran fraction of rice (OBFR), which is rich in insoluble fiber, on the intestinal environment and metabolite profiles of rats. Fourteen 8-week-old male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats were divided into a control group and an OBFR group. For a period of 21 days, the control group was fed a control diet, while the OBFR group was fed a diet containing 5% OBFR. Metabolomics analysis revealed drastic changes in the cecal metabolites of the rats fed the OBFR diet. Furthermore, in the plasma and liver tissue, the concentrations of metabolites involved in pyruvate metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, gluconeogenesis, or valine, leucine, isoleucine degradation were changed. Concordantly, the OBFR diet increased the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in these metabolic pathways in the livers of the rats. Collectively, these results suggest that the OBFR diet altered the concentrations of metabolites in the cecal contents, plasma, and liver, and the hepatic gene expressions of rats, and that this may have mainly contributed to carbohydrate metabolism in the liver.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T11:50:28Z","timestamp":1581076228000},"page":"430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Feeding the Outer Bran Fraction of Rice Alters Hepatic Carbohydrate Metabolism in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mana","family":"Kawaguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nao","family":"Nishikoba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saki","family":"Shimamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0888-1407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shozo","family":"Tomonaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rukana","family":"Kohrogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Yamauchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shokkyo Co., Ltd., 5-9 Matsukawacho, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 732-0826, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshikazu","family":"Fujita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shokkyo Co., Ltd., 5-9 Matsukawacho, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 732-0826, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Ohtsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daichi","family":"Ijiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(94)90052-3","article-title":"Pharmacology of dietary fibre","volume":"62","author":"Spiller","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(76)90020-2","article-title":"Metabolic responses to dietary supplements of bran","volume":"25","author":"Southgate","year":"1976","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.4.579","article-title":"Dietary fiber decreases the metabolizable energy content and nutrient digestibility of mixed diets fed to humans","volume":"127","author":"Baer","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19700050","article-title":"Calorie conversion factors. An experimental reassessment of the factors used in the calculation of the energy value of human diets","volume":"2","author":"Southgate","year":"1970","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7495","DOI":"10.1021\/jf800792y","article-title":"Health-promoting effects of a dietary fiber concentrate from the soybean byproduct okara in rats","volume":"56","author":"Tenorio","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2015.1032883","article-title":"Effects of feeding outer bran fraction of rice on lipid accumulation and fecal excretion in rats","volume":"79","author":"Ijiri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Shi, J., Mazza, G., and Maguer, M.L. (1998). Functional Foods: Biochemical and Processing Aspects, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/0271-5317(96)00121-2","article-title":"Effects of dietary fibers on gastrointestinal mucin in rats","volume":"16","author":"Satchithanandam","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/120.4.325","article-title":"Modulation of the hypolipidemic effect of fish oils by dietary fiber in fats: Studies with rice and wheat bran","volume":"120","author":"Topping","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.6.1472","article-title":"A rice bran oil diet increases LDL-receptor and HMG-CoA reductase mRNA expressions and insulin sensitivity in rats with streptozotocin\/nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetes","volume":"136","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"857","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of colonic function caused by feeding rice bran and wheat bran","volume":"42","author":"Tomlin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.4.661","article-title":"Comparative effects of three cereal brans on plasma lipids, blood pressure, and glucose metabolism in mildly hypercholesterolemic men","volume":"52","author":"Kestin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.1873","article-title":"Ferulic acid: Pharmaceutical functions, preparation and applications in foods","volume":"84","author":"Ou","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-997-0037-9","article-title":"Oryzanol decreases cholesterol absorption and aortic fatty streaks in hamsters","volume":"32","author":"Rong","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1988.tb10221.x","article-title":"Effect of phytate and other myo-inositol phosphate esters on lipase activity","volume":"53","author":"Knuckles","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S1381-1177(03)00052-3","article-title":"Human digestive and metabolic lipases\u2014A brief review","volume":"5","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mol. Catal. B Enzym."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"252","article-title":"Comparative Studies on Cell Wall Preparations from Rice Bran, Germ, and Endosperm","volume":"62","author":"Shibuya","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cereal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/124.1.78","article-title":"Ten different dietary fibers have significantly different effects on serum and liver lipids of cholesterol-fed rats","volume":"124","author":"Anderson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)90433-9","article-title":"High-performance liquid chromatography of short-and long-chain fatty acids as 2-nitrophenylhydrazides","volume":"321","author":"Miwa","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516003676","article-title":"Fluctuations in metabolite content in the liver of magnesium-deficient rats","volume":"116","author":"Shigematsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2018.02.008","article-title":"Metabolomics approach to reduce the Crabtree effect in continuous culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"126","author":"Imura","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4512","article-title":"Identifying metabolites by integrating metabolome databases with mass spectrometry cheminformatics","volume":"15","author":"Lai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2016.1158629","article-title":"Clenbuterol changes phosphorylated FOXO1 localization and decreases protein degradation in the skeletal muscle of neonatal chicks","volume":"80","author":"Shimamoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"R Core Team (2019). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky310","article-title":"MetaboAnalyst 4.0: Towards more transparent and integrative metabolomics analysis","volume":"46","author":"Chong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/102.3.375","article-title":"Effects of dietary fiber levels on weight gain, cecal volume and volatile fatty acid production in rabbits","volume":"102","author":"Hoover","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.60.501","article-title":"Plasma N\u03c4-methylhistidine concentration is a sensitive index of myofibrillar protein degradation during starvation in rats","volume":"60","author":"Nagasawa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/125.6.1401","article-title":"Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: Introducing the concept of prebiotics","volume":"125","author":"Gibson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(98)00187-0","article-title":"Effect of rice bran on intraintestinal fermentation and cholesterol metabolism in cecectomized rats","volume":"19","author":"Fukushima","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6326","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b01891","article-title":"Effects of Whole-Grain Rice and Wheat on Composition of Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Rats","volume":"66","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-117-29505","article-title":"Absorption of Short Chain Fatty Acids in Man","volume":"117","author":"Dawson","year":"1964","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)30508-6","article-title":"Absorption of short-chain fatty acids by the colon","volume":"78","author":"Ruppin","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(88)90668-8","article-title":"Fermentation of polysaccharides and absorption of short chain fatty acids in the mammalian hindgut","volume":"90","author":"Rechkemmer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.3.1031","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids and human colonic function: Roles of resistant starch and nonstarch polysaccharides","volume":"81","author":"Topping","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.28.10.1221","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood","volume":"28","author":"Cummings","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4347(94)00491-M","article-title":"Determination of portal short-chain fatty acids in rats fed various dietary fibers by capillary gas chromatography","volume":"664","author":"Murase","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Appl."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1990.70.2.567","article-title":"Energy contributions of volatile fatty acids from the gastrointestinal tract in various species","volume":"70","author":"Bergman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623309336152","article-title":"Untargeted metabolomic profiling as an evaluative tool of fenofibrate-induced toxicology in Fischer 344 male rats","volume":"37","author":"Ohta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2019.04.021","article-title":"Untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analysis of kidney and liver tissue from the Lewis Polycystic Kidney rat","volume":"1118","author":"Abbiss","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"186","article-title":"MitoPark transgenic mouse model recapitulates the gastrointestinal dysfunction and gut-microbiome changes of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"75","author":"Ghaisas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuro Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-007-0082-2","article-title":"Proposed minimum reporting standards for chemical analysis Chemical Analysis Working Group (CAWG) Metabolomics Standards Initiative (MSI)","volume":"3","author":"Sumner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4395","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.4395","article-title":"Effects of Centella asiatica extract on antioxidant status and liver metabolome of rotenone-treated rats using GC-MS","volume":"33","author":"Intararuchikul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3295","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.9b00234","article-title":"Systemic and Local Metabolic Alterations in Sleep-Deprivation-Induced Stress: A Multiplatform Mass-Spectrometry-Based Lipidomics and Metabolomics Approach","volume":"18","author":"Yoon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2008.06806.x","article-title":"SREBPs: Physiology and pathophysiology of the SREBP family","volume":"276","author":"Shimano","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1177\/0115426506021004351","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids: Ready for prime time?","volume":"21","author":"Roy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.04.070184.002205","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acid metabolism","volume":"4","author":"Harper","year":"1984","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/68.1.72","article-title":"A molecular model of human branched-chain amino acid metabolism","volume":"68","author":"Suryawan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/2\/430\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:55:46Z","timestamp":1760172946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/2\/430"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12020430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12020430","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]]}}}