{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T22:55:59Z","timestamp":1793055359216,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,15]],"date-time":"2020-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nutrient deficiencies are well recognized as secondary consequences of celiac disease (CD) and closely related to the clinical presentation of affected patients. Despite their clinical significance, consensus is lacking on the pattern and frequency of nutrient deficiencies in CD, the usefulness of their assessment at the time of diagnosis and during follow-up. This review aims to provide an overview of nutrient deficiencies among pediatric and adult CD patients at diagnosis and on a gluten-free diet (GFD), and their potential causes in CD. Secondly, we review their impact on CD management strategies including the potential of nutrient supplementation. A search of Medline, Pubmed and Embase until January 2019 was performed. Despite a high variability between the reported deficiencies, we noted that nutrient deficiencies occur frequently in children and adults with CD at diagnosis and during treatment with a GFD. Both inadequate dietary intake and\/or diminished uptake due to intestinal dysfunction contribute to nutrient deficiencies. Most deficiencies can be restored with (long-term) treatment with a GFD and\/or supplementation. However, some of them persist while others may become even more prominent during GFD. Our results indicate a lack of comprehensive evidence on the clinical efficacy of nutrient supplementation in CD management highlighting the need for further studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]],"date-time":"2020-02-19T04:06:01Z","timestamp":1582085161000},"page":"500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Narrative Review: Nutrient Deficiencies in Adults and Children with Treated and Untreated Celiac Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Johanna M.","family":"Kreutz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlou P. M.","family":"Adriaanse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth M. C.","family":"van der Ploeg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands <email>liesbeth.vander.ploeg@mumc.nl<\/email>"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita C. E.","family":"Vreugdenhil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra071600","article-title":"Celiac disease","volume":"357","author":"Green","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-07-031104","article-title":"Hematologic manifestations of celiac disease","volume":"109","author":"Halfdanarson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2005.01.002","article-title":"Bones in coeliac disease: Diagnosis and treatment","volume":"19","author":"Corazza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. 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