{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:07:31Z","timestamp":1792022851041,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201806910036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201806910036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The leucine metabolite, \u03b2-hydroxy-\u03b2-methyl butyrate (HMB), is widely used in human nutrition and animal production as a nutritional supplement. Although the HMB usage during late gestation has been demonstrated to have a positive effect on fetal development, knowledge on net absorption and metabolism of HMB and impact of HMB on branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) metabolism is lacking. To address this, we conducted a study using pigs during the perinatal period as a model organism. Eight-second parity sows were fitted with indwelling catheters in the femoral artery and in the portal, hepatic, femoral, and mesenteric veins. Eight hourly sets of blood samples were taken starting 30 min before the morning meal on day \u201310 and day \u20133 relative to parturition. Four control (CON) sows were fed a standard lactation diet from day \u201315 and throughout the experiment, and 4 HMB sows were fed the control diet supplemented with 15 mg Ca(HMB)2\/kg body weight mixed in one third of the morning meal from day \u201310 until parturition. Blood gases, plasma metabolites, milk compositions, and apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients were measured. Arterial plasma concentrations of HMB (p &lt; 0.001), Cys (p &lt; 0.001), and Lys (p &lt; 0.10) were increased in HMB supplemented sows, while arterial plasma triglycerides concentration was decreased (p &lt; 0.05). The net portal recovery of Ala and Asp were increased in HMB sows (p &lt; 0.05). Sows fed HMB had increased hepatic vein flow and net hepatic fluxes of Met, Asn, and Gln (p &lt; 0.05). In contrast, the femoral extraction rates of Ala and Ser were decreased by dietary HMB supplementation (p &lt; 0.05). Dietary HMB treatment and sampling time relative to feeding had an interaction on arterial concentrations, net portal fluxes, and femoral extraction rates of BCAAs. The net portal recovery of HMB was 88%, while 14% of supplemented HMB was excreted through urine and 4% through feces. Moreover, the gastrointestinal tract metabolized 8% while the liver metabolized 12%. Finally, 26% of the daily intake of HMB was secreted via colostrum at the day of farrowing. This study demonstrated that dietary HMB supplementation increased net uptake of amino acids and increased fatty acid oxidation through improving blood flow and insulin sensitivity during the late gestation. Most importantly, oral HMB administration could maintain a stable postprandial absorption and altered metabolism in BCAAs. Net portal flux of HMB at 5.5 to 6.5 h after feeding approached zero, indicating that HMB ideally should be administrated two or three times, daily.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T08:59:47Z","timestamp":1582275587000},"page":"561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Net Absorption and Metabolism of \u03b2-Hydroxy- \u03b2-Methyl Butyrate during Late Gestation in a Pig Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Liang","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark"},{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels Bastian","family":"Kristensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark"},{"name":"Danish Agriculture &amp; Food Council F.m.b.A. SEGES Agro Food Park 15, DK 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uffe","family":"Krogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark"},{"name":"PEGASE, INRAE, Agrocampus Ouest, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Kappel","family":"Theil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.2527\/1994.7292331x","article-title":"Colostral milk fat percentage and pig performance are enhanced by feeding the leucine metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl butyrate to sows","volume":"72","author":"Nissen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(97)00048-X","article-title":"Nutritional role of the leucine metabolite \u03b2-hydroxy \u03b2-methylbutyrate (HMB)","volume":"8","author":"Nissen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-5-1","article-title":"Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on exercise performance and body composition across varying levels of age, sex, and training experience: A review","volume":"5","author":"Wilson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2010.23.7.641","article-title":"Effect of HMB supplementation on body composition, fitness, hormonal profile and muscle damage indices","volume":"23","author":"Portal","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.53971","article-title":"Effect of beta-hydroxy beta-methyl butyrate supplementation of sows in late gestation and lactation on sow production of colostrum and milk and piglet performance","volume":"90","author":"Flummer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"E27","article-title":"Oxidation of leucine and alpha-ketoisocaproate to beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate in vivo","volume":"262","author":"Nissen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2014.09.013","article-title":"The optimum ratio of standardized ileal digestible isoleucine to lysine for 8\u201315kg pigs","volume":"198","author":"Soumeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.04.070184.002205","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acid metabolism","volume":"4","author":"Harper","year":"1984","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8699","article-title":"The optimum ratio of standardized ileal digestible leucine to lysine for 8 to 12 kg female pigs","volume":"93","author":"Soumeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731115000695","article-title":"Requirement of standardized ileal digestible valine to lysine ratio for 8- to 14-kg pigs","volume":"9","author":"Soumeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.02.018","article-title":"Prenatal programming of skeletal development in the offspring: Effects of maternal treatment with \u03b2-hydroxy-\u03b2-methylbutyrate (HMB) on femur properties in pigs at slaughter age","volume":"40","author":"Tatara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12657","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Supplementation of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on Sow Performance and mRNA Expression of Myogenic Markers in Skeletal Muscle of Neonatal Piglets","volume":"51","author":"Wan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020623101106","article-title":"Gut responses to enteral nutrition in preterm infants and animals","volume":"231","author":"Sangild","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-2003","article-title":"Absorption and metabolism of benzoic acid in growing pigs","volume":"87","author":"Kristensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.53831","article-title":"Effects of beta-hydroxy beta-methyl butyrate supplementation to sows in late gestation on absorption and hepatic metabolism of glucose and amino acids during transition","volume":"90","author":"Flummer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731114000950","article-title":"Neonatal piglet survival: Impact of sow nutrition around parturition on fetal glycogen deposition and production and composition of colostrum and transient milk","volume":"8","author":"Theil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"206","article-title":"Proposal for simplifying fat determination in food","volume":"54","author":"Stoldt","year":"1952","journal-title":"Fats Soaps"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1962.tb13624.x","article-title":"Renal Extraction of Para-Aminohippurate and Creatinine Measured by Continuous in Vivo Sampling of Arterial and Renal-Vein Blood","volume":"102","author":"Harvey","year":"1962","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/11.6.624","article-title":"Automated and Manual Direct Methods for the Determination of Blood Urea","volume":"11","author":"Marsh","year":"1965","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"231","article-title":"Quantification of whole blood short-chain fatty acids by gas chromatographic determination of plasma 2-chloroethyl derivatives and correction for dilution space in erythrocytes","volume":"50","author":"Kristensen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Agric. Scand. A-Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"2517","article-title":"Mammary nutrient uptake in multiparous sows fed supplementary arginine during gestation and lactation","volume":"95","author":"Krogh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"221","article-title":"Section A-Animal Science. Estimation of milk production in lactating sows by determination of deuterated water turnover in three piglets per litter","volume":"52","author":"Theil","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Agric. Scand. A-Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2005-742","article-title":"Invited review: Amino acid bioavailability and digestibility in pig feed ingredients: Terminology and application","volume":"85","author":"Stein","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, L., Kristensen, N.B., Che, L., Wu, D., and Theil, P.K. (2020). Net absorption and liver metabolism of amino acids and heat production of portal-drained viscera and liver in multiparous sows during transition and lactation. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-019-0417-7"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Feyera, T., Zhou, P., Pedersen, T.F., Larsen, U.K., and Theil, P.K. (2018, January 21\u201324). Comparison of urine production measured by total collection and para-aminohippuric acid infusion methods. Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Digestive Physiology of Pigs (DPP2018), Brisbane, Australia."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky395","article-title":"Mammary metabolism and colostrogenesis in sows during late gestation and the colostral period","volume":"97","author":"Feyera","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-013-1592-z","article-title":"Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation in health and disease: A systematic review of randomized trials","volume":"45","author":"Molfino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12208","article-title":"Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation and skeletal muscle in healthy and muscle-wasting conditions","volume":"8","author":"Holecek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12234","article-title":"Dietary supplementation of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate in animals\u2014A review","volume":"99","author":"Szczesniak","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-9-39","article-title":"Effects of combined maternal administration with alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on prenatal programming of skeletal properties in the offspring","volume":"9","author":"Tatara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.51774","article-title":"Differences in portal appearance of lysine and methionine in Iberian and Landrace pigs","volume":"90","author":"Lachica","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-012-1328-5","article-title":"Dynamic changes in blood flow and oxygen consumption in the portal-drained viscera of growing pigs receiving acute administration of (L)-arginine","volume":"43","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"491","article-title":"Effect of beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate on the onset of blood lactate accumulation and V (O)(2) peak in endurance-trained cyclists","volume":"15","author":"Vukovich","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:19910303","article-title":"Hepatic and portal-drained viscera balances of amino acids, insulin, glucagon and gastrin in the pig after ingestion of casein or rapeseed proteins","volume":"31","author":"Galibois","year":"1991","journal-title":"Reprod. Nutr. Dev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F29","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.109520","article-title":"Relationship between blood pressure and blood flow in newborn preterm infants","volume":"93","author":"Groves","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02054409","article-title":"Relationship between Anal Pressure and Anodermal Blood-Flow\u2014The Vascular Pathogenesis of Anal Fissures","volume":"37","author":"Schouten","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.1937","article-title":"beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation in humans is safe and may decrease cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"130","author":"Nissen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398S","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1999.10718904","article-title":"Finding consensus in the dietary calcium-blood pressure debate","volume":"18","author":"McCarron","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009627","article-title":"Comments on a meta-analysis of the relation between dietary calcium intake and blood pressure","volume":"148","author":"Birkett","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2008.00854.x","article-title":"Effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) administration on volumetric bone mineral density, and morphometric and mechanical properties of tibia in male turkeys","volume":"93","author":"Tatara","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2008.03.009","article-title":"3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyrate administration diminishes fundectomy-induced osteopenia of the lumbar spine in pigs","volume":"24","author":"Tatara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.3.606","article-title":"Catabolism dominates the first-pass intestinal metabolism of dietary essential amino acids in milk protein-fed piglets","volume":"128","author":"Stoll","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-008-0210-y","article-title":"Arginine metabolism and nutrition in growth, health and disease","volume":"37","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E60","DOI":"10.2527\/2006.8413_supplE60x","article-title":"Measuring splanchnic amino acid metabolism in vivo using stable isotopic tracers","volume":"84","author":"Stoll","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie, C., He, T., Zhang, W., Zhang, G., and Ma, X. (2018). Branched Chain Amino Acids: Beyond Nutrition Metabolism. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19040954"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2008.11.021","article-title":"Effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on protein metabolism in whole body and in selected tissues","volume":"47","author":"Holecek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Kristensen, N.B., and Wu, G. (2012). Metabolic functions of the porcine liver. Nutritional Physiology of Pigs, SEGES. Available online: https:\/\/svineproduktion.dk\/Services\/Undervisningsmateriale2."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.81.5.2095","article-title":"Effect of leucine metabolite \u03b2-hydroxy-\u03b2-methylbutyrate on muscle metabolism during resistance-exercise training","volume":"81","author":"Nissen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(01)00182-6","article-title":"beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) kinetics and the influence of glucose ingestion in humans","volume":"12","author":"Vukovich","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510003582","article-title":"Free acid gel form of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) improves HMB clearance from plasma in human subjects compared with the calcium HMB salt","volume":"105","author":"Fuller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12336","article-title":"Beta hydroxy beta methylbutyrate supplementation impairs peripheral insulin sensitivity in healthy sedentary Wistar rats","volume":"212","author":"Yonamine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2015-0385","article-title":"The ergogenic supplement \u03b2-hydroxy-\u03b2-methylbutyrate (HMB) attenuates insulin resistance through suppressing GLUT-2 in rat liver","volume":"94","author":"Sharawy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-9-77","article-title":"Synergistic effects of leucine and resveratrol on insulin sensitivity and fat metabolism in adipocytes and mice","volume":"9","author":"Bruckbauer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"2204","article-title":"Beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl butyrate increases fatty acid oxidation by muscle cells","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"1997","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665107005447","article-title":"Developmental programming of energy balance and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"66","author":"Cottrell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.05.004","article-title":"Anabolic effects of leucine-rich whey protein, carbohydrate, and soy protein with and without beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) during fasting-induced catabolism: A human randomized crossover trial","volume":"36","author":"Rittig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"93","article-title":"Synergistic effects of metformin, resveratrol, and hydroxymethylbutyrate on insulin sensitivity","volume":"6","author":"Bruckbauer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/2\/561\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:59:43Z","timestamp":1760173183000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/2\/561"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12020561"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12020561","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]]}}}