{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T06:23:48Z","timestamp":1770963828442,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]],"date-time":"2020-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) plays an important role in the complex association between nutrition, growth, and maturation in extremely and very preterm infants. Nevertheless, in this population, research on associations between IGF-1 and nutrition is limited. Therefore this study aimed to evaluate the possible associations between the course of IGF-1 levels and nutrient intake between preterm birth and 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA). Methods: 87 infants born between 24 and 32 weeks gestational age were followed up to 36 weeks PMA. Actual daily macronutrient intake was calculated, and growth was assessed weekly. IGF-1 was sampled from umbilical cord blood at birth and every other week thereafter. Results: There was an inverse relationship between the amount of parenteral nutrition in the second week of life and IGF-1. Total protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake, as well as total energy intake, primarily showed a positive association with IGF-1 levels, particularly between 30 and 33 weeks PMA. Gestational age, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and weight were significant confounders in the association between nutrient intake and IGF-1 levels. Conclusion: Parenteral nutrition was found to be a negative predictor of IGF-1 levels, and there could potentially be a time frame in which macronutrient intake is unable to impact IGF-1 levels. Future research should aim to narrow down this time frame and to gain more insight into factors enhancing or decreasing the response of IGF-1 to nutrition, e.g., age and inflammatory state, to align nutritional interventions accordingly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]],"date-time":"2020-03-03T13:06:23Z","timestamp":1583240783000},"page":"675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Course Of IGF-1 Levels and Nutrient Intake in Extremely and Very Preterm Infants During Hospitalisation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Dana F.J.","family":"Yumani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam UMC, Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra K.","family":"Calor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam UMC, Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mirjam. M.","family":"van Weissenbruch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam UMC, Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328351c472","article-title":"Early nutrition impact on the insulin-like growth factor axis and later health consequences","volume":"15","author":"Larnkjaer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.172","article-title":"Dietary proteins and IGF I levels in preterm infants: Determinants of growth, body composition, and neurodevelopment","volume":"77","author":"Yumani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatric Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000155950.67503.BC","article-title":"The role of maternal factors, postnatal nutrition, weight gain, and gender in regulation of serum IGF-I among preterm infants","volume":"57","author":"Engstrom","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatric Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3182115000","article-title":"Influence of insulin-like growth factor I and nutrition during phases of postnatal growth in very preterm infants","volume":"69","author":"Polberger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatric Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"3982","article-title":"Use of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein measurements to monitor feeding of premature infants","volume":"82","author":"Smith","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"84","article-title":"Nutritional predictors of insulin-like growth factor I and their relationships to cancer in men","volume":"12","author":"Giovannucci","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1999.17.10.3291","article-title":"Dietary fat and carbohydrates are independently associated with circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 concentrations in healthy adults","volume":"17","author":"Kaklamani","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602494","article-title":"Diet, serum insulin-like growth factor-I and IGF-binding protein-3 in European women","volume":"61","author":"Norat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R79","DOI":"10.1186\/cc5972","article-title":"Parenteral versus enteral nutrition: Effect on serum cytokines and the hepatic expression of mRNA of suppressor of cytokine signaling proteins, insulin-like growth factor-1 and the growth hormone receptor in rodent sepsis","volume":"11","author":"Xue","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Care (Lond. Engl.)"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"E455","article-title":"Endotoxin-induced changes in IGF-I differ in rats provided enteral vs. parenteral nutrition","volume":"276","author":"Wojnar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cormack, B.E., Harding, J.E., Miller, S.P., and Bloomfield, F.H. (2019). The Influence of Early Nutrition on Brain Growth and Neurodevelopment in Extremely Preterm Babies: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092029"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-310190","article-title":"Catch-up growth and metabolic outcomes in adolescents born preterm","volume":"101","author":"Embleton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.11.048","article-title":"Feeding preterm infants today for later metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes","volume":"162","author":"Lapillonne","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenton, T.R., and Kim, J.H. (2013). A systematic review and meta-analysis to revise the Fenton growth chart for preterm infants. BMC Pediatr., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-59"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516003007","article-title":"Preterm human milk composition: A systematic literature review","volume":"116","author":"Boyce","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gidrewicz, D.A., and Fenton, T.R. (2014). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the nutrient content of preterm and term breast milk. BMC Pediatr., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-216"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.7.2011060","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"163","author":"Jobe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"213","article-title":"Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: Pathogenesis, classification, and spectrum of illness","volume":"17","author":"Kliegman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-012-1910-6","article-title":"Clinical signs to identify late-onset sepsis in preterm infants","volume":"172","author":"Bekhof","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2005). International Committee for the Classification of Retinopathy of P. The International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity revisited. Arch. Ophthalmol., 123, 991\u2013999.","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.7.991"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(78)80282-0","article-title":"Incidence and evolution of subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage: A study of infants with birth weights less than 1500 gm","volume":"92","author":"Papile","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.0987","article-title":"Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Management of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Preterm Neonates","volume":"169","author":"Jain","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2017.05.014","article-title":"Direct actions of macronutrient components on goldfish hepatopancreas in vitro to modulate the expression of ghr-I, ghr-II, igf-I and igf-II mRNAs","volume":"250","author":"Bertucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00276.x","article-title":"Inflammation at birth and the insulin-like growth factor system in very preterm infants","volume":"96","author":"Cilio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2016.09.018","article-title":"Cytokines and growth factors in the developing intestine and during necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"41","author":"MohanKumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2019.035","article-title":"Effect of Early Breast Milk Nutrition on Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 in Preterm Infants","volume":"7","author":"Alzaree","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Access Maced. J. Med Sci."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/3\/675\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:03:20Z","timestamp":1760173400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/3\/675"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12030675"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12030675","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]]}}}