{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T02:13:18Z","timestamp":1774491198269,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,7]],"date-time":"2020-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006641","name":"UNICEF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["43266876"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["43266876"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006641","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Food fortification can be effective in reducing the prevalence of anemia and micronutrient deficiencies. This study assessed risk factors for\u2014and the impact of the wheat flour program in Uzbekistan on\u2014anemia, and iron and folate deficiency (FD) in non-pregnant women (NPW) of reproductive age. National data were analyzed for risk factors using multivariable regression. Additional iron intake from fortified flour was not associated with iron deficiency (ID) and did not result in a significantly different prevalence of anemia regardless of the levels, whereas women with additional folic acid intake had a lower relative risk (RR) of FD (RR: 0.67 [95% CI: 0.53, 0.85]). RR for anemia was greater in women with ID (RR: 4.7; 95% CI: 3.5, 6.5) and vitamin A insufficiency (VAI; RR 1.5; 95% CI: 1.3, 1.9). VAI (RR: 1.4 [95% CI: 1.3, 1.6]) and breastfeeding (RR: 1.1 [95% CI: 0.99, 1.2]) were associated with increased risk of ID, while being underweight reduced the risk (RR: 0.74 [95% CI: 0.58, 0.96]). Breastfeeding (RR: 1.2 [95% CI: 1.1, 1.4]) and inflammation (RR: 1.2 [95% CI: 1.0, 1.3]) increased risk of FD. FD results indicate that the fortification program had potential for impact, but requires higher coverage of adequately fortified wheat flour and a more bioavailable iron fortificant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]],"date-time":"2020-03-09T05:37:34Z","timestamp":1583732254000},"page":"714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Risk Factors for Anemia and Micronutrient Deficiencies among Women of Reproductive Age\u2014The Impact of the Wheat Flour Fortification Program in Uzbekistan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nicolai","family":"Petry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GroundWork, 7306 Fl\u00e4sch, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fakhriddin","family":"Nizamov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNICEF, Tashkent 100029, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1921-5592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bradley A.","family":"Woodruff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GroundWork, 7306 Fl\u00e4sch, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Ishmakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitamed Clinic LLC, Tashkent 100059, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jasur","family":"Komilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MedStandart LLC, Tashkent 100034, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0269-1939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Wegm\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GroundWork, 7306 Fl\u00e4sch, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4733-0379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James P.","family":"Wirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GroundWork, 7306 Fl\u00e4sch, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diyora","family":"Arifdjanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNICEF, Tashkent 100029, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sufang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNICEF, Tashkent 100029, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0579-6952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"Rohner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GroundWork, 7306 Fl\u00e4sch, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease Study Collaborators 2013, Vos, T., Allen, C., Arora, M., Barber, R.M., Bhutta, Z.A., Brown, A., Liang, X., Kawashima, T., and Coggeshall, M. 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