{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T19:41:59Z","timestamp":1785872519558,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adequate nutrition in prisons should constantly be monitored due to the limited possibilities of external control as well as the low catering budget for prison meals and poorly defined requirements in this regard. The aim of the study was to assess the nutritional value of meals served in Polish prisons. Using a computer program, 14-day regular and bland diets from 30 prisons were analyzed. The energy value of the meals and the percentage of energy provided by protein, fat, and carbohydrate contained therein were found to meet the recommendations of the Polish National Food and Nutrition Institute. The amount of minerals supplied with the diet did not cover the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) in the case of calcium and magnesium. Particularly disturbing was the excessive supply of sodium in the regular and bland diets, which covered 537% and 311% of the dietary reference intake (DRI), respectively, as well as phosphorus (194 and 192% of RDA). The largest vitamin deficiencies were recorded for vitamins D and C and folate. An especially excessive supply was observed for vitamins A and B12. The type of diet significantly differentiated the average content of over half of the analyzed components, whereas the season of the year turned out to be statistically insignificant. The results of the present investigations indicate a need for development of more accurate legal provisions to regulate the nutrition in Polish prisons in terms of not only the energy value and macronutrient supply but also the intake of minerals and vitamins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T11:59:36Z","timestamp":1583841576000},"page":"728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Implementation of Dietary Reference Intake Standards in Prison Menus in Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8242-6256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Stanikowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Food Technology and Gastronomy, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-704 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Michalak-Majewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Food Technology and Gastronomy, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-704 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Domaga\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Jab\u0142o\u0144ska-Ry\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Food Technology and Gastronomy, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-704 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3477-0754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneta","family":"S\u0142awi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Food Technology and Gastronomy, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-704 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Central Board of Prison Service in Poland (2019, December 08). Prison Population Statistics, Available online: https:\/\/sw.gov.pl\/assets\/16\/21\/86\/3d15d5d56010d312579378ba8d6ac877da4deb5a.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2019, September 11). Ustawa z Dnia 6 Czerwca 1997 r.\u2014Kodeks Karny Wykonawczy [Act of 6 June 1997\u2014Executive Penal Code]. Dz. U. 1997 Nr 90 Poz. 557, Available online: http:\/\/prawo.sejm.gov.pl\/isap.nsf\/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19970900557."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2019, September 15). Rozporz\u0105dzenie Ministra Sprawiedliwo\u015bci z dn. 19 lutego 2016 r. w Sprawie Wy\u017cywienia Osadzonych w Zak\u0142adach Karnych [Regulation of the Minister of Justice of 19 February 2016 on Nutrition of Polish Prisoners], Available online: http:\/\/prawo.sejm.gov.pl\/isap.nsf\/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20160000302."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"M\u00f8ller, L., St\u00f6ver, H., J\u00fcrgens, R., Gatherer, A., and Nikogosian, H. (2007). Health in Prisons, World Health Organization. A WHO Guide to the Essentials in Prison Health."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2018.02.003","article-title":"Systematic review into obesity and weight gain within male prisons","volume":"12","author":"Choudhry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes. Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.181.1.22","article-title":"Influence of supplementary vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids on the antisocial behavior of young adult prisoners","volume":"181","author":"Gesch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brit. J. Psychiat."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61053-7","article-title":"The health of prisoners","volume":"377","author":"Fazel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"75","article-title":"Assessment of health benefits from a nutrition program aimed at inmates with cardiovascular risk factors at Huelva prison","volume":"13","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Sanid. Penit."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.090662","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic medical conditions among jail and prison inmates in the USA compared with the general population","volume":"63","author":"Binswanger","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20140025","article-title":"Chronic health conditions reported by male inmates newly admitted to Canadian federal penitentiaries","volume":"3","author":"Stewart","year":"2015","journal-title":"CMAJ Open"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"36","article-title":"Por\u00f3wnanie ca\u0142odziennych jad\u0142ospis\u00f3w osadzonych w niekt\u00f3rych aresztach \u015bledczych i zak\u0142adach karnych [Comparison of daily dietary rations in some court detention houses and prisons]","volume":"42","author":"Kucharska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bromatol. Chem. Toksyk."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"807","article-title":"Ocena realizacji zalece\u0144 \u017cywieniowych dla os\u00f3b osadzonych na przyk\u0142adzie wybranego aresztu \u015bledczego [Assessment of the implementation of dietary guidelines for inmates in a selected detention center]","volume":"94","author":"Kucharska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Probl. Hig. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Central Board of Prison Service in Poland (2019, December 08). List of Prisons and Detention Centers in Poland, Available online: https:\/\/www.sw.gov.pl\/assets\/24\/96\/22\/15b32ee9414b5177123c7a6c6015b8c636e6aa5f.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Kunachowicz, K., Nadolna, I., Przygoda, B., and Iwanow, K. (1998). Tabele Warto\u015bci Od\u017cywczej Produkt\u00f3w Spo\u017cywczych [Tables of Nutritional Value of Food Products], Food and Nutrition Institute. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Kunachowicz, K., Nadolna, I., Przygoda, B., and Iwanow, K. (2005). Tabele Sk\u0142adu i Warto\u015bci Od\u017cywczej \u017bywno\u015bci [Tables of Composition and Nutritional Value of Food Products], Food and Nutrition Institute. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Nutrient Data Laboratory (2019, September 12). USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Legacy, Available online: https:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/northeast-area\/beltsville-md-bhnrc\/beltsville-human-nutrition-research-center\/nutrient-data-laboratory\/docs\/usda-national-nutrient-database-for-standard-reference\/."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Jarosz, M. (2017). Human Nutrition Recommendation for Polish Population, Food and Nutrition Institute. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Central Board of Prison Service in Poland (2019, September 11). Statistical Yearbook for 2018, Available online: https:\/\/www.sw.gov.pl\/strona\/statystyka-roczna."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104405","article-title":"Is food more than a means of survival? An overview of the Balkan prison systems","volume":"143","author":"Simanovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2019, September 15). Gesetz \u00fcber den Vollzug der Freiheitsstrafe und der freiheitsentziehenden Ma\u00dfregeln der Besserung und Sicherung (Strafvollzugsgesetz\u2014StVollzG) vom 16. M\u00e4rz 1976 (BGBl. I S. 581, 2088; 1977 I S. 436), Das Zuletzt Durch Artikel 1 des Gesetzes vom 19. Juni 2019 (BGBl. I S. 840) Ge\u00e4ndert Worden ist. (In German)."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Z\u00e1kon \u010d (2019, November 02). 475\/2005 Z. z. o V\u00fdkone Trestu Od\u0148atia Slobody a o Zmene a Doplnen\u00ed Niektor\u00fdch Z\u00e1konov v Znen\u00ed Neskor\u0161\u00edch Predpisov, Z\u00e1kon \u010d. 221\/2006 Z. z. o V\u00fdkone V\u00e4zby v Znen\u00ed Neskor\u0161\u00edch Predpisov. (In Slovak)."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"National Offender Management Service (2019, September 27). Catering Operating Manual. Meals for Prisoners in Custody, Available online: http:\/\/www.justice.gov.uk\/downloads\/offenders\/psipso\/psi-2010\/psi-44-2010-annex-b.doc."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Najwy\u017csza Izba Kontroli (2019, November 01). Informacja o Wynikach Kontroli. \u017bywienie Pacjent\u00f3w w Szpitalach. [Report of the Supreme Audit Office on the Nutrition of Patients in Polish Hospitals], (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"HM Inspectorate of Prisons (2019, November 01). Life in Prisons: Food, Available online: https:\/\/www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk\/hmiprisons\/inspections\/life-in-prison-food\/."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1177\/1078345815600160","article-title":"The diet of inmates an analysis of a 28-day cycle menu used in a large county jail in the state of Georgia","volume":"21","author":"Cook","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Correct. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1177\/1078345812444875","article-title":"What are we feeding our inmates?","volume":"18","author":"Collins","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Correct. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-5740.2001.00003.x","article-title":"The nutritional content of male prisoners\u2019 diet in the UK","volume":"1","author":"Edwards","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Serv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1387","article-title":"What do prisoners eat?","volume":"115","author":"Capra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrient intakes and food practices in a high-secure prison. Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"137","article-title":"Aktywno\u015b\u0107 fizyczna w zak\u0142adach karnych a podstawowe wymiary osobowo\u015bci m\u0119\u017cczyzn odbywaj\u0105cych kar\u0119 pozbawienia wolno\u015bci [Physical activity in prisons and the basic dimensions of personality of men serving prison sentences]","volume":"9","author":"Jaworska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pol. J. Soc. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"70","article-title":"Motywy i czynniki warunkuj\u0105ce poziom aktywno\u015bci fizycznej aresztowanych oraz skazanych w warunkach izolacji [Motives and factors conditioning the level of physical activity arrested and convicted people in isolation conditions]","volume":"64","author":"Kosendiak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Roz. Nauk. AWF Wroc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1108\/NFS-06-2017-0114","article-title":"Prevalence of risk factors of cardiovascular diseases among prisoners: A systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Agyapong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60319-5","article-title":"Prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases prison populations worldwide: A systematic review","volume":"379","author":"Herbert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hannan-Jones, M.T., and Capra, S. Prevalence of diet related risk factors for chronic disease in male prisoners in a high secure prison. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 70, 212\u2013216.","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.100"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/1078345817716176","article-title":"Trajectory of weight patterns in urban youth throughout their stay in a juvenile justice system","volume":"23","author":"Keough","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Correct. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). Guideline: Sugars Intake for Adults and Children, WHO. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/nutrition\/publications\/guidelines\/sugars_intake\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). Guidelines: Saturated Fatty Acid and Trans\u2014Fatty Acid Intake for Adults and Children, WHO. Available online: https:\/\/extranet.who.int\/dataform\/upload\/surveys\/666752\/files\/Draft%20WHO%20SFA-TFA%20guidelines_04052018%20Public%20Consultation.pdf."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-277X.2003.00438.x","article-title":"Food provision and the nutritional implications of food choices made by young adult males, in a young offenders\u2019 institution","volume":"16","author":"Eves","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myszkowska-Ryciak, J., and Harton, A. (2018). Implementation of dietary reference intake standards in preschool menus in Poland. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050592"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2019.04.001","article-title":"Brazilian preschool children attending day care centers show an inadequate micronutrient intake through 24-h duplicate diet","volume":"54","author":"Leroux","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2016.06.010","article-title":"Establishing energy-nutritional variety of boarding school daily menus as a result of regional differences using multivariate analysis","volume":"51","author":"Bosanac","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M., Kim, D., and Yoon, J. (2019). Selection of target nutrients for the nutritional standards of school lunches in Korea. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201910.0256.v1"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.09.005","article-title":"Consumption of oral hospital diets and percent adequacy of minerals in oncology patients as an indicative for the use of oral supplements","volume":"33","author":"Moreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grillo, A., Salvi, L., Coruzzi, P., Salvi, P., and Parati, G. (2019). Sodium intake and hypertension. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11091970"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gould, C., Tousignant, B., Brian, G., McKay, R., Gibson, R., Bailey, K., and Venn, B.J. (2013). Cross-sectional dietary deficiencies among a prison population in Papua New Guinea. BMC Int. Health Hum. Rights, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-698X-13-21"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9633","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7115492","article-title":"Intakes of calcium and phosphorus and calculated calcium-to-phosphorus ratios of older adults: NHANES 2005\u20132006 data","volume":"7","author":"Adatorwovor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12300","article-title":"Is phosphorus intake that exceeds dietary requirements a risk factor in bone health?","volume":"1301","author":"Calvo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.02.008","article-title":"Associations between copper and zinc intakes from diet and mortality from cardiovascular disease in a large population-based prospective cohort study","volume":"56","author":"Eshak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.02.010","article-title":"Associations between dietary intakes of iron, copper and zinc with risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A large population-based prospective cohort study","volume":"37","author":"Eshak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(00)00360-0","article-title":"Daily intake of manganese by the adult population of Mumbai","volume":"250","author":"Tripathi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, M.K., and Bae, Y.J. (2019). Dietary intake and urinary excretion of manganese in Korean healthy adults. Biol. Trace Elem. Res.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-019-01932-y"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01780.x","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency in a Kenyan prison","volume":"12","author":"Mathenge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nwosu, B.U., Maranda, L., Berry, R., Colocino, B., Flores, C.D., Folkman, K., Groblewski, T., and Ruze, P. (2014). The vitamin D status of prison inmates. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090623"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.10.010","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and inadequacy in a correctional population","volume":"31","author":"Jacobs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1258\/0049475054036896","article-title":"The mystery of the wooden leg: Vitamin C deficiency in East African prisons","volume":"35","author":"Bennett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trop. Doc."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/3\/728\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:05:42Z","timestamp":1760173542000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/3\/728"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12030728"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12030728","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]}}}