{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T23:18:58Z","timestamp":1781911138937,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":278,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]],"date-time":"2020-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AGING Project for Department of Excellence at the Department of Translational Medicine (DIMET), Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D is a pleiotropic secosteroid yielding multiple actions in human physiology. Besides the canonical regulatory activity on bone metabolism, several non-classical actions have been described and the ability of vitamin D to partake in the regulation of the immune system is particularly interesting, though far stronger and convincing evidence has been collected in in vitro as compared to in vivo studies. Whether vitamin D is able to regulate at physiological concentrations the human immune system remains unproven to date. Consequently, it is not established if vitamin D status is a factor involved in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases and if cholecalciferol supplementation acts as an adjuvant for autoimmune diseases. The development of autoimmunity is a heterogeneous process, which may involve different organs and systems with a wide range of clinical implications. In the present paper, we reviewed the current evidences regarding vitamin D role in the pathogenesis and management of different autoimmune diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T08:13:27Z","timestamp":1584519207000},"page":"789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Pathophysiological Role and Therapeutic Implications of Vitamin D in Autoimmunity: Focus on Chronic Autoimmune Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1488-8736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattia","family":"Bellan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, \u201cAOU Maggiore della Carit\u00e0\u201d, 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"CAAD, Centre for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Andreoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit and Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, 25128 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2880-9373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Mele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8322-9158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pier Paolo","family":"Sainaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, \u201cAOU Maggiore della Carit\u00e0\u201d, 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"CAAD, Centre for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Rigamonti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, \u201cAOU Maggiore della Carit\u00e0\u201d, 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"CAAD, Centre for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0913-0197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Piantoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit and Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, 25128 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"De Benedittis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, \u201cAOU Maggiore della Carit\u00e0\u201d, 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"CAAD, Centre for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Aimaretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9740-0155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Pirisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, \u201cAOU Maggiore della Carit\u00e0\u201d, 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"CAAD, Centre for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3215-5747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Marzullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"Division of General Medicine, Ospedale S. Giuseppe, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 28921 Verbania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/bonekey.2013.213","article-title":"History of the discovery of vitamin D and its active metabolites","volume":"3","author":"DeLuca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bonekey Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-015-9318-z","article-title":"The PTH-Vitamin D-FGF23 axis","volume":"16","author":"Blau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. 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