{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T05:01:47Z","timestamp":1781326907312,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D is widely known for its roles in the promotion of apoptosis and differentiation, with simultaneous inhibition of proliferation, inflammation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Modern literature lacks complete information on polymorphisms in CYP27B1, the only enzyme capable of vitamin D activation. This review presents gathered data that relate to genetic variants in CYP27B1 gene in correlation to multiple diseases, mostly concerning colorectal, prostate, breast, lung, and pancreatic cancers, as well as on other pathologies, such as non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma, oral lichen planus, or multiple sclerosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T03:54:14Z","timestamp":1584590054000},"page":"801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-Alpha-Hydroxylase (CYP27B1) Gene: The Risk of Malignant Tumors and Other Chronic Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0766-8236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Latacz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jadwiga","family":"Snarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland"},{"name":"Independent Public Healthcare Center of Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration with the Warmia and Mazury, Center of Oncology in Olsztyn, 10-228 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Kostyra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Fiedorowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6236-7092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huub F. J.","family":"Savelkoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biology and Immunology Group Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Grzybowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Trauma-Orthopedic Surgery and Spine Surgery of the Provincial Specialist Hospital in Olsztyn, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland"},{"name":"Clinical Department of Orthopedics, Traumatology and Spine Surgery, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6641-5880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Cie\u015bli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3691","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in reducing cancer risk and progression","volume":"14","author":"Feldman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.12.009","article-title":"Regulation of extrarenal CYP27B1-hydroxylase","volume":"144","author":"Adams","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4990","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.78.8.4990","article-title":"Differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells induced by 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"78","author":"Abe","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198108203050807","article-title":"Hypercalcemia in an anephric patient with sarcoidosis: Evidence for extrarenal generation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D","volume":"305","author":"Barbour","year":"1981","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6310748","article-title":"1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in human leukocytes","volume":"221","author":"Provvedini","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-108-3-1083","article-title":"1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and malignant melanoma: The presence of receptors and inhibition of cell growth in culture","volume":"108","author":"Colston","year":"1981","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R51","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-11-0388","article-title":"Vitamin D and colon cancer","volume":"19","author":"Pereira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr. Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-011-0073-7","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of calcitriol on the growth of MCF-7 breast cancer xenografts in nude mice: Selective modulation of aromatase expression in vivo","volume":"2","author":"Swami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Horm. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-12-0281","article-title":"Transrepression of the estrogen receptor promoter by calcitriol in human breast cancer cells via two negative vitamin D response elements","volume":"20","author":"Swami","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr. Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.20006","article-title":"Analysis of vitamin D-regulated gene expression in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells using cDNA microarrays","volume":"59","author":"Krishnan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.7.7549","article-title":"1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits prostate cancer cell growth by androgen-dependent and androgen-independent mechanisms","volume":"141","author":"Zhao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-0760(00)00141-2","article-title":"Vitamin D and prostate cancer","volume":"76","author":"Tuohimaa","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3421","article-title":"The vitamin D metabolome: An update on analysis and function","volume":"37","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/367284a0","article-title":"Prediction of bone density from vitamin D receptor alleles","volume":"367","author":"Morrison","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6665","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.15.6665","article-title":"Contribution of trans-acting factor alleles to normal physiological variability: Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and circulating osteocalcin","volume":"89","author":"Morrison","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2015.12.007","article-title":"Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the vitamin D pathway associating with circulating concentrations of vitamin D metabolites and non-skeletal health outcomes: Review of genetic association studies","volume":"164","author":"Jolliffe","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2196","article-title":"Vitamin D signalling pathways in cancer: Potential for anticancer therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Deeb","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","volume":"357","author":"Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.4.1102S","article-title":"Vitamin D assessment in population-based studies: A review of the issues","volume":"87","author":"Millen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-013-0139-9","article-title":"Serum Vitamin D metabolites in colorectal cancer patients receiving cholecalciferol supplementation: Correlation with polymorphisms in the vitamin D genes","volume":"4","author":"Muindi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Horm. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.1997.16.1499","article-title":"Complete structure of the human gene for the vitamin D 1-alpha-hydroxylase, P450cl-alpha","volume":"16","author":"Fu","year":"1997","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199803053381004","article-title":"Inactivating mutations in the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1alpha-hydroxylase gene in patients with pseudovitamin D-deficiency rickets","volume":"338","author":"Kitanaka","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6988","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.12.6988","article-title":"Molecular cloning, characterization, and promoter analysis of the human 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase gene","volume":"96","author":"Kong","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"227","article-title":"Unique hormonal regulation of vitamin D metabolism in the mammalian kidney","volume":"9","author":"Kawashima","year":"1983","journal-title":"Miner. Electrolyte Metab."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/291327a0","article-title":"Calcitonin selectively stimulates 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase in the proximal straight tubule of the rat kidney","volume":"291","author":"Kawashima","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2012.02.016","article-title":"Extrarenal expression of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1-hydroxylase","volume":"523","author":"Adams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2930","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-0243","article-title":"Minireview: Vitamin D: Is there a role in extraskeletal health?","volume":"152","author":"Christakos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(00)00153-7","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-1\u03b1-hydroxylase and vitamin D receptor gene expression in human colonic mucosa is elevated during early cancerogenesis","volume":"66","author":"Cross","year":"2001","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327914nc4802_1","article-title":"A critical review of studies on vitamin D in relation to colorectal cancer","volume":"48","author":"Grant","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mog.0000196150.36701.c2","article-title":"The epidemiology of vitamin D and colorectal cancer: Recent findings","volume":"22","author":"Giovannucci","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055222","article-title":"Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer","volume":"354","author":"Kotchen","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2011.10.001","article-title":"Calcium, vitamin D and colorectal cancer chemoprevention","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04831-5","article-title":"25-hydroxyvitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase in normal and malignant colon tissue","volume":"357","author":"Tangpricha","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgi124","article-title":"Colon-specific regulation of vitamin D hydroxylases - a possible approach for tumor prevention","volume":"26","author":"Bises","year":"2005","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-09-0228","article-title":"Vitamin D related genes, CYP24A1 and CYP27B1, and colon cancer risk","volume":"18","author":"Dong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1369\/jhc.4B6271.2004","article-title":"25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase expression in normal and malignant human colon","volume":"52","author":"Bises","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e153","DOI":"10.1038\/oncsis.2015.14","article-title":"Compensatory angiogenesis and tumor refractoriness","volume":"4","author":"Gacche","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2007.09.003","article-title":"Colon cancer: Prognosis for different latitudes, age groups and seasons in Norway","volume":"89","author":"Moan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60588-0","article-title":"Common genetic determinants of vitamin D insufficiency: A genome-wide association study","volume":"376","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2010.03.073","article-title":"A systematic review of the association between common single nucleotide polymorphisms and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations","volume":"121","author":"McGrath","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-010-0881-9","article-title":"Comprehensive association analysis of nine candidate genes with serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels among healthy Caucasian subjects","volume":"128","author":"Bu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-122-7-199504010-00006","article-title":"Serum levels of free 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in vitamin D toxicity","volume":"122","author":"Pettifor","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cancer Genome Atlas Network (2012). Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer. Nature, 487, 330\u2013337.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11252"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-47-5-407","article-title":"Ecological and physiological studies on large intestinal bacteria in relation to production of hydrolytic and reductive enzymes involved in formation of genotoxic metabolites","volume":"47","author":"McBain","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.27083","article-title":"Intestinal cancer after cholecystectomy: Is bile involved in carcinogenesis?","volume":"121","author":"Lagergren","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-008-0015-y","article-title":"Is there a difference in survival between right - versus left-sided colon cancers?","volume":"15","author":"Meguid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4731(90)90124-B","article-title":"Evidence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-receptors in human digestive mucosa and carcinoma tissue biopsies taken at different levels of the digestive tract, in 152 patients","volume":"36","author":"Meggouh","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2010.02356.x","article-title":"Outcome of right- and left-sided colonic and rectal cancer following surgical resection","volume":"13","author":"Suttie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2006.01.001","article-title":"Regulation of gene expression by alternative untranslated regions","volume":"22","author":"Hughes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-4134","article-title":"CYP24A1 and CYP27B1 polymorphisms modulate vitamin D metabolism in colon cancer cells","volume":"73","author":"Jacobs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3947","DOI":"10.1021\/cr020443g","article-title":"Mechanism of oxidation reactions catalyzed by cytochrome p450 enzymes","volume":"104","author":"Meunier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.108.026047","article-title":"A bioinformatics approach for the phenotype prediction of nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in human cytochromes P450","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2020, February 24). dbSNP, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/snp\/rs10877012."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1301\/nr.2004.mar.115-120","article-title":"Calcium and colorectal cancer: Some questions remain","volume":"62","author":"Chia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-0388","article-title":"Genetic variation in calcium-sensing receptor and risk for colon cancer","volume":"17","author":"Dong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.1502.13.9","article-title":"Plasma vitamin D metabolites and risk of colorectal cancer in women","volume":"13","author":"Feskanich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3775","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.35.7566","article-title":"Association between vitamin D and risk of colorectal cancer: A systematic review of prospective studies","volume":"29","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, K., Feskanich, D., Fuchs, C.S., Chan, A.T., Willett, W.C., Hollis, B.W., Pollak, M.N., and Giovannucci, E. (2011). Interactions between plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and C-peptide with risk of colorectal cancer. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028520"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-011-1926-1","article-title":"Circulating vitamin D and colorectal adenoma in asymptomatic average-risk individuals who underwent first screening colonoscopy: A case\u2013control study","volume":"57","author":"Hong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2007.12.002","article-title":"Vitamin D and cancer incidence in the Harvard cohorts","volume":"19","author":"Giovannucci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"731","article-title":"Dietary, lifestyle, and genetic determinants of vitamin D status: A cross-sectional analysis from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Germany study","volume":"53","author":"Kaaks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-014-0361-y","article-title":"Genetic variation in vitamin D-related genes and risk of colorectal cancer in African Americans","volume":"25","author":"Pibiri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2016.1167186","article-title":"The safety of monoclonal antibodies for treatment of colorectal cancer","volume":"15","author":"Berger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug. Saf."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2011.05.013","article-title":"Meta-analysis: Serum vitamin D and colorectal adenoma risk","volume":"53","author":"Yin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25439","article-title":"Meta-analysis of observational studies of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and colorectal, breast and prostate cancer and colorectal adenoma","volume":"128","author":"Gandini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2958","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-0402","article-title":"Vitamin D and prevention of colorectal adenoma: A meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Wei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-014-0382-6","article-title":"Associations between circulating 1,25(OH)2D concentration and odds of metachronous colorectal adenoma","volume":"25","author":"Hibler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2015.1068818","article-title":"CYP24A1 and CYP27B1 polymorphisms, concentrations of vitamin D metabolites, and odds of colorectal adenoma recurrence","volume":"67","author":"Hibler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djs189","article-title":"Vitamin D-related genetic variation, plasma vitamin D, and risk of lethal prostate cancer: A prospective nested case-control study","volume":"104","author":"Shui","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2018.02.004","article-title":"Physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of extra renal CYP27B1: Case report and review","volume":"8","author":"Bikle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.21180","article-title":"Vitamin D pathway gene variants and prostate cancer prognosis","volume":"70","author":"Holt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-11-0403","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and prostate cancer risk in a large nested case-control study","volume":"20","author":"Albanes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10342","article-title":"Prostatic 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase and its implication in prostate cancer","volume":"88","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604865","article-title":"Association between serum 25(OH)D and death from prostate cancer","volume":"100","author":"Tretli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, F., Kasperzyk, J.L., Shui, I., Hendrickson, W., Hollis, B.W., Fall, K., Ma, J., Gaziano, J.M., Stampfer, M.J., and Mucci, L.A. (2011). Prediagnostic plasma vitamin D metabolites and mortality among patients with prostate cancer. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018625"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgp055","article-title":"Vitamin D-related genes, serum vitamin D concentrations and prostate cancer risk","volume":"30","author":"Ahn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03028616","article-title":"Age race and season predict vitamin D status in African American and white octogenarians and centenarians","volume":"12","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2008.08.009","article-title":"A novel SNP in a vitamin D response element of the CYP24A1 promoter reduces protein binding, transactivation, and gene expression","volume":"112","author":"Roff","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonilla, C., Hooker, S., Mason, T., Bock, C.H., and Kittles, R.A. (2011). Prostate cancer susceptibility loci identified on chromosome 12 in African Americans. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016044"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022216119066","article-title":"Prostate cancer in black and white Americans","volume":"22","author":"Reddy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-1111","article-title":"Prostate cancer risk allele specific for African descent associates with pathologic stage at prostatectomy","volume":"19","author":"Whitman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-09-0076","article-title":"Single and multigenic analysis of the association between variants in 12 steroid hormone metabolism genes and risk of prostate cancer","volume":"18","author":"Beuten","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29320","article-title":"Circulating vitamin D, vitamin D-related genetic variation, and risk of fatal prostate cancer in the National Cancer Institute Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium","volume":"121","author":"Shui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-4019","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of vitamin D3 doses on prostatic vitamin D metabolite levels and ki67 labeling in prostate cancer patients","volume":"98","author":"Wagner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-17-0250","article-title":"Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in vitamin D-related genes may modify vitamin D-breast cancer associations","volume":"26","author":"Sandler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-11-0071","article-title":"Prospective study of UV exposure and cancer incidence among Swedish women","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr091","article-title":"Ultraviolet sunlight exposure during adolescence and adulthood and breast cancer risk: A population-based case-control study among Ontario women","volume":"174","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdn550","article-title":"Vitamin D intake and breast cancer risk: A case-control study in Italy","volume":"20","author":"Rossi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0611","article-title":"Dairy, calcium, and vitamin D intake and postmenopausal breast cancer risk in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort","volume":"14","author":"McCullough","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"077004","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP943","article-title":"Serum vitamin D and risk of breast cancer within five years","volume":"125","author":"Sandler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-014-0497-9","article-title":"Vitamin D-related gene polymorphisms, plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and breast cancer risk","volume":"26","author":"Reimers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-080508-141248","article-title":"Vitamin D gene pathway polymorphisms and risk of colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer","volume":"29","author":"McCullough","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0140478","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140478","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms in vitamin D metabolism and signaling genes and risk of breast cancer: A nested case-control study","volume":"10","author":"Clendenen","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)90214-8","article-title":"Increased skin pigment reduces the capacity of skin to synthesise vitamin D3","volume":"1","author":"Clemens","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8327","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-1927","article-title":"Breast cancer in African-American women: Differences in tumor biology from European-American women","volume":"66","author":"Amend","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-3194","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency promotes human breast cancer growth in a murine model of bone metastasis","volume":"70","author":"Ooi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R58","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr3162","article-title":"Variants in the vitamin D pathway, serum levels of vitamin D, and estrogen receptor negative breast cancer among African-American women: A case-control study","volume":"14","author":"Yao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.55.3.145","article-title":"Aromatase inhibitors as adjuvant therapy for postmenopausal patients with early stage breast Cancer","volume":"55","author":"Kudachadkar","year":"2005","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.38.0261","article-title":"Predictors of aromatase inhibitor discontinuation as a result of treatment-emergent symptoms in early-stage breast cancer","volume":"30","author":"Henry","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3877","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.10.7573","article-title":"Prevalence of joint symptoms in postmenopausal women taking aromatase inhibitors for early-stage breast cancer","volume":"25","author":"Crew","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"869","article-title":"Vitamin D threshold to prevent aromatase inhibitor-induced arthralgia: A prospective cohort study","volume":"125","author":"Javaid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-013-2638-3","article-title":"Genetic determinants of aromatase inhibitor-related arthralgia: The B-ABLE cohort study","volume":"140","author":"Servitja","year":"2013","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20107","article-title":"Global cancer statistics","volume":"61","author":"Jemal","year":"2011","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2012.06.006","article-title":"Lung cancer epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention","volume":"50","author":"Munden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2010.11.023","article-title":"Seasonal variation influences outcomes following lung cancer resections","volume":"40","author":"LaPar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11670-011-0033-3","article-title":"Plasma vitamin D levels and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms are associated with survival of non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3274","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-0199","article-title":"Vitamin D status and the risk of lung cancer: A cohort study in Finland","volume":"17","author":"Kilkkinen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.07.5358","article-title":"Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels predict survival in early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer patients","volume":"25","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0335","article-title":"Vitamin D is associated with improved survival in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer patients","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5704","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030537","article-title":"Increased expression of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-1alpha-hydroxylase gene in alveolar macrophages of patients with lung cancer","volume":"88","author":"Yokomura","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.5.9154890","article-title":"Cigarette smoke induces interleukin-8 release from human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"155","author":"Mio","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, X., Cheng, J., and Yang, K. (2016). Vitamin D-related gene polymorphisms, plasma 25-hydroxy-vitamin D, cigarette smoke and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) risk. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17101597"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.2951","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms in the vitamin D pathway in relation to lung cancer risk and survival","volume":"6","author":"Kong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(00)00140-2","article-title":"Roles of the NFI\/CTF gene family intranscription and development","volume":"249","author":"Gronostajski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"964","article-title":"Site-specific DNA binding of nuclear factor I: Analyses of cellular binding sites","volume":"5","author":"Gronostajski","year":"1985","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, L.N., Cotterchio, M., Knight, J.A., Borgida, A., Gallinger, S., and Cleary, S.P. (2013). Genetic variants in vitamin d pathway genes and risk of pancreas cancer; results from a population based case-control study in Ontario, Canada. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066768"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arem, H., Yu, K., Xiong, X., Moy, K., Freedman, N.D., Mayne, S.T., Albanes, D., Arslan, A.A., Austin, M., and Bamlet, W.R. (2015). Vitamin D metabolic pathway genes and pancreatic cancer risk. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117574"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10427","article-title":"An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the U.S. due to inadequate doses of solar ultraviolet-B radiation","volume":"94","author":"Grant","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22386","article-title":"An ecologic study of cancer mortality rates in Spain with respect to indices of solar UVB irradiance and smoking","volume":"120","author":"Grant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-6-34","article-title":"Geographical distribution for malignant neoplasm of the pancreas in relation to selected climatic factors in Japan","volume":"6","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq120","article-title":"Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of pancreatic cancer: Cohort Consortium Vitamin D Pooling Project of Rarer Cancers","volume":"172","author":"Jacobs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-11-0836","article-title":"Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of pancreatic cancer","volume":"21","author":"Wolpin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155412447296","article-title":"Altered expression of key players in vitamin D metabolism and signaling in malignant and benign thyroid tumors","volume":"60","author":"Clinckspoor","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1369\/jhc.5A6734.2005","article-title":"25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1alpha-hydroxylase and vitamin D receptor expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma","volume":"54","author":"Khadzkou","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2010.0096","article-title":"Thyroid cancer resistance to vitamin D receptor activation is associated with 24-hydroxylase levels but not the ff FokI polymorphism","volume":"20","author":"Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2006.09.014","article-title":"Vitamin D and cancer","volume":"102","author":"Bouillon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2008.0388","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms in differentiated thyroid carcinoma","volume":"19","author":"Stern","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/S1089-3261(05)70321-4","article-title":"The epidemiology of acute and chronic hepatitis C","volume":"1","author":"Alter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3016","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i24.3016","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and hepatocellular carcinoma in alcoholic cirrhosis","volume":"16","author":"Falleti","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-018-3520-0","article-title":"Vitamin D pathway gene polymorphisms and hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C-affected patients treated with new drugs","volume":"81","author":"Cusato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-02-336065","article-title":"Adulthood residential ultraviolet radiation, sun sensitivity, dietary vitamin D, and risk of lymphoid malignancies in the California Teachers Study","volume":"118","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-012-9967-0","article-title":"Early life sun exposure, vitamin D-related gene variants, and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"23","author":"Kelly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq117","article-title":"Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of non-hodgkin lymphoma: Cohort consortium vitamin D pooling project of rarer cancers","volume":"172","author":"Purdue","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1241206","article-title":"Association of the CYP27B1C(-1260)A polymorphism with autoimmune Addison\u2019s disease","volume":"118","author":"Fichna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.08.036","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and a CYP27B1-1260 promoter polymorphism are associated with chronic hepatitis C and poor response to interferon-alfa based therapy","volume":"54","author":"Lange","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0652","article-title":"Association of the vitamin D metabolism gene CYP27B1 with type 1 diabetes","volume":"56","author":"Bailey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs.09.101","article-title":"Genetic variation in CYP27B1 is associated with congestive heart failure in patients with hypertension","volume":"10","author":"Wilke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/00207237408709641","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: Vitamin D and calcium as environmental determinants of prevalence","volume":"6","author":"Goldberg","year":"1974","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458509105579","article-title":"Explaining multiple sclerosis prevalence by ultraviolet exposure: A geospatial analysis","volume":"15","author":"Beretich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.17925\/ENR.2015.10.02.131","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and possible role in multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Holick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8501","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1206054109","article-title":"Development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice requires vitamin D and the vitamin D receptor","volume":"109","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiuso-Minicucci, F., Ishikawa, L.L., Mimura, L.A., Fraga-Silva, T.F., Fran\u00e7a, T.G., Zorzella-Pezavento, S.F., Marques, C., Ikoma, M.R., and Sartori, A. (2015). Treatment with vitamin D\/MOG association suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125836"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10528-016-9783-4","article-title":"VDBP, CYP27B1, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D gene polymorphism analyses in a group of Sicilian multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"55","author":"Agnello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Genet."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22678","article-title":"Rare variants in the CYP27B1 gene are associated with multiple sclerosis","volume":"70","author":"Ramagopalan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neuro."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2012-101085","article-title":"Identification of a functional variant in the KIF5A-CYP27B1-METTL1-FAM119B locus associated with multiple sclerosis","volume":"50","author":"Alcina","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3612","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003612","article-title":"The association between genetic polymorphism rs703842 in CYP27B1 and multiple sclerosis: A meta\u2013analysis","volume":"95","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.04.001","article-title":"Genetic disorders of vitamin D biosynthesis and degradation","volume":"165","author":"Miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2124","article-title":"Vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1 caused by mutations in CYP27B1 affecting protein interactions with adrenodoxin","volume":"101","author":"Zalewski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demir, K., Kattan, W.E., Zou, M., Durmaz, E., BinEssa, H., Nalbanto\u011flu, \u00d6., Al-Rijjal, R.A., Meyer, B., \u00d6zkan, B., and Shi, Y. (2015). Novel CYP27B1 gene mutations in patients with vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1A. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131376"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759626","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/759626","article-title":"Oral lichen planus as a preneoplastic inflammatory model","volume":"2012","author":"Georgakopoulou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"519","article-title":"Oral lichen planus: A review","volume":"58","author":"Carrozzo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Minerva Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-015-1572-7","article-title":"Association of vdr, cyp27b1, cyp24a1 and mthfr gene polymorphisms with oral lichen planus risk","volume":"20","author":"Kujundzic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2012.01164.x","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor, CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 genes polymorphisms association with oral cancer risk and survival","volume":"41","author":"Zeljic","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Oral. Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01686.x","article-title":"Mechanisms and functions of vitamin D","volume":"56","author":"DeLuca","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/3\/801\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:07:43Z","timestamp":1760173663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/3\/801"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]},"references-count":154,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12030801"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12030801","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]}}}