{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:58:16Z","timestamp":1790787496275,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]],"date-time":"2020-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Conseil R\u00e9gional Nord Pas-de-Calais - R\u00e9gion Hauts-de-France","award":["15000241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15000241"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as bad eating behaviors and cigarette smoking, have major detrimental impacts on health. However, the inter-relations between obesity and smoking are still not fully understood. We thus developed an experimental model of high-fat diet-fed obese C57BL\/6 male mice chronically exposed to cigarette smoke. Our study evaluated for the first time the resulting effects of the combined exposure to unhealthy diet and cigarette smoke on several metabolic, pulmonary, intestinal, and cardiac parameters. We showed that the chronic exposure to cigarette smoke modified the pattern of body fat distribution in favor of the visceral depots in obese mice, impaired the respiratory function, triggered pulmonary inflammation and emphysema, and was associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis, cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]],"date-time":"2020-03-20T07:29:07Z","timestamp":1584689347000},"page":"827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Modelling the Impact of Chronic Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Obese Mice: Metabolic, Pulmonary, Intestinal, and Cardiac Issues"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3709-551X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ga\u00eblle","family":"R\u00e9my","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS UMR9017, Inserm U1019, CHRU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9811-617X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilie","family":"Dubois-Deruy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, U1167-RID-AGE-Facteurs de Risque et D\u00e9terminants Mol\u00e9culaires des Maladies li\u00e9es au Vieillissement, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanne","family":"Alard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS UMR9017, Inserm U1019, CHRU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gwenola","family":"Kervoaze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS UMR9017, Inserm U1019, CHRU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maggy","family":"Chwastyniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, U1167-RID-AGE-Facteurs de Risque et D\u00e9terminants Mol\u00e9culaires des Maladies li\u00e9es au Vieillissement, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgane","family":"Baron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS UMR9017, Inserm U1019, CHRU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4163-0362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delphine","family":"Beury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS UMR9017, Inserm U1019, CHRU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e9a","family":"Siegwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS UMR9017, Inserm U1019, CHRU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3658-3477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9gol\u00e8ne","family":"Caboche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS UMR9017, Inserm U1019, CHRU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2361-0616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Hot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS UMR9017, Inserm U1019, CHRU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4043-6429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Gosset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS UMR9017, Inserm U1019, CHRU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2398-448X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corinne","family":"Grangette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS UMR9017, Inserm U1019, CHRU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5471-1487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florence","family":"Pinet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, U1167-RID-AGE-Facteurs de Risque et D\u00e9terminants Mol\u00e9culaires des Maladies li\u00e9es au Vieillissement, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Wolowczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS UMR9017, Inserm U1019, CHRU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muriel","family":"Pichavant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS UMR9017, Inserm U1019, CHRU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw126","article-title":"Smoking, physical inactivity and obesity as predictors of healthy and disease-free life expectancy between ages 50 and 75: A multicohort study","volume":"45","author":"Stenholm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964236","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/964236","article-title":"Overweight and obesity epidemic in developing countries: A problem with diet, physical activity, or socioeconomic status?","volume":"2014","author":"Bhurosy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.88.9.748","article-title":"Health consequences of obesity","volume":"88","author":"Reilly","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.03.019","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells contribute to allergic airway disease exacerbation by obesity","volume":"138","author":"Everaere","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3423","article-title":"Interleukin-17-producing innate lymphoid cells and the NLRP3 inflammasome facilitate obesity-associated airway hyperreactivity","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1183\/09059180.00011002","article-title":"Smoking and impact on health","volume":"17","author":"Vineis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montbarbon, M., Pichavant, M., Langlois, A., Erdual, E., Maggiotto, F., Neut, C., Mallevaey, T., Dharancy, S., Dubuquoy, L., and Trottein, F. (2013). Colonic inflammation in mice is improved by cigarette smoke through iNKT cells recruitment. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062208"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.051299","article-title":"The effect of obesity on chronic respiratory diseases: Pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies","volume":"174","author":"Poulain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.181","article-title":"Obesity in IBD: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, disease course and treatment outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.05.010","article-title":"International IBD Genetics Consortium, L.; Peyrin-Biroulet, L.; et al. Genetic Factors Interact With Tobacco Smoke to Modify Risk for Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Humans and Mice","volume":"153","author":"Yadav","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-018-1506-2","article-title":"Smoking and the intestinal microbiome","volume":"200","author":"Savin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.88","article-title":"Gut microbiota and IBD: Causation or correlation?","volume":"14","author":"Ni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201201-0034OC","article-title":"Comorbidities and Risk of Mortality in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"186","author":"Divo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2017.03.001","article-title":"Total management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease","volume":"70","author":"Onishi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.0022","article-title":"Association of Body Mass Index With Lifetime Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Compression of Morbidity","volume":"3","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-138-1-200301070-00008","article-title":"NEDCOM, the Netherlands Epidemiology and Demography Compression of Morbidity Research Group Obesity in adulthood and its consequences for life expectancy: A life-table analysis","volume":"138","author":"Peeters","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, K., Liu, J., and Ning, G. (2012). Active smoking and risk of metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047791"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034511421200","article-title":"Cigarette Smoking and Inflammation","volume":"91","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/535918","article-title":"Inflammation, a Link between Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"2010","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.08.008","article-title":"NEO study group Smoking is associated with increased resting energy expenditure in the general population: The NEO study","volume":"64","author":"Blauw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"k1767","article-title":"Role of obesity in smoking behaviour: Mendelian randomisation study in UK Biobank","volume":"361","author":"Johansson","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2013.75","article-title":"Oxidative stress-mediated iNKT-cell activation is involved in COPD pathogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Pichavant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/429291","article-title":"Long-term risperidone treatment induces visceral adiposity associated with hepatic steatosis in mice: A magnetic resonance approach","volume":"2014","author":"Auger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makki, K., Taront, S., Molendi-Coste, O., Bouchaert, E., Neve, B., Eury, E., Lobbens, S., Labalette, M., Duez, H., and Staels, B. (2014). Beneficial metabolic effects of rapamycin are associated with enhanced regulatory cells in diet-induced obese mice. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092684"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00856.2016","article-title":"Automated full-range pressure-volume curves in mice and rats","volume":"123","author":"Robichaud","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677212473714","article-title":"A novel approach to monitor glucose metabolism using stable isotopically labelled glucose in longitudinal studies in mice","volume":"47","author":"Laskewitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.10.031","article-title":"Production of Interleukin-20 cytokines limits bacterial clearance and lung inflammation during infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"37","author":"Madouri","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.004940","article-title":"Enhanced expression of \u03b23-adrenoceptors in cardiac myocytes attenuates neurohormone-induced hypertrophic remodeling through nitric oxide synthase","volume":"129","author":"Belge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.238","article-title":"C57BL\/6J and A\/J mice fed a high-fat diet delineate components of metabolic syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Gross","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)90730-Q","article-title":"Insulin resistance and cigarette smoking","volume":"339","author":"Facchini","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(96)90187-0","article-title":"Cigarette smoking is not associated with hyperinsulinemia: Evidence against a causal relationship between smoking and insulin resistance","volume":"45","author":"Wareham","year":"1996","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19032","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19032","article-title":"Western diet induces a shift in microbiota composition enhancing susceptibility to Adherent-Invasive E. coli infection and intestinal inflammation","volume":"6","author":"Agus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-304119","article-title":"Western diet induces dysbiosis with increased e coli in CEABAC10 mice, alters host barrier function favouring AIEC colonisation","volume":"63","author":"Denizot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03944.x","article-title":"Impact of cessation of smoking on the course of ulcerative colitis","volume":"96","author":"Beaugerie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05414","article-title":"An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest","volume":"444","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2828(95)90000-4","article-title":"Structural remodeling and mechanical dysfunction of cardiac myocytes in heart failure","volume":"27","author":"Gerdes","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1999.79.1.215","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Myocardial Remodeling","volume":"79","author":"Swynghedauw","year":"1999","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/282105a0","article-title":"Myosin isoenzyme redistribution in chronic heart overload","volume":"282","author":"Lompre","year":"1979","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000258532.07418.fa","article-title":"Molecular biology of the natriuretic peptide system: Implications for physiology and hypertension","volume":"49","author":"Gardner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.106.069153","article-title":"Natriuretic peptides: Update on Peptide release, bioactivity, and clinical use","volume":"50","author":"Richards","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31044","article-title":"ECM remodeling in hypertensive heart disease","volume":"117","author":"Berk","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e277","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30058-X","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and non-communicable disease behavioural risk factors in low-income and lower-middle-income countries: A systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Allen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00114307","article-title":"Complex chronic comorbidities of COPD","volume":"31","author":"Fabbri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13181","article-title":"Beneficial metabolic effects of selected probiotics on diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice are associated with improvement of dysbiotic gut microbiota","volume":"18","author":"Alard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2011.105","article-title":"Cigarette Smoking, Nicotine, and Body Weight","volume":"90","author":"Benowitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128","article-title":"2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure","volume":"37","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00316-2","article-title":"Relation of active, passive, and quitting smoking with incident type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2004.00131.x","article-title":"Smoking cessation and weight gain","volume":"5","author":"Filozof","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.11.012","article-title":"Abdominal Obesity: Role in the Pathophysiology of Metabolic Disease and Cardiovascular Risk","volume":"120","author":"Bergman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3933-4","article-title":"Adipose tissue plasticity: How fat depots respond differently to pathophysiological cues","volume":"59","author":"Pellegrinelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00694.2009","article-title":"Physiology of obesity and effects on lung function","volume":"108","author":"Salome","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00099513","article-title":"Can overweight\/obesity and smoking have combined effects on bronchial hyperresponsiveness?","volume":"43","author":"Sposato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978463","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/978463","article-title":"Obesity, Inflammation, and Lung Injury (OILI): The Good","volume":"2014","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-13-1357","article-title":"Long-term clinical outcome after surgical or percutaneous coronary revascularization in hemodialysis patients","volume":"78","author":"Kumada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.08.145","article-title":"Adiponectin induces the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-1RA in human leukocytes","volume":"323","author":"Wolf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301722","article-title":"Identification of a Unique Hybrid Macrophage-Polarization State following Recovery from Lipopolysaccharide Tolerance","volume":"192","author":"Fagan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hernandez-Fuentes, M.P. IL-10-produced by human transitional B-cells down-regulates CD86 expression on B-cells leading to inhibition of CD4+ T-cell responses","volume":"6","author":"Fanelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01215","article-title":"Effects of obesity on pulmonary inflammation and remodeling in experimental moderate acute lung injury","volume":"10","author":"Cruz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i18.2180","article-title":"Side-stream smoking reduces intestinal inflammation and increases expression of tight junction proteins","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.10.025","article-title":"Apolipoprotein C-II: New findings related to genetics, biochemistry, and role in triglyceride metabolism","volume":"267","author":"Wolska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31819194b0","article-title":"A pilot study on the noninvasive evaluation of intestinal damage in celiac disease using I-FABP and L-FABP","volume":"43","author":"Derikx","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12480","article-title":"Dietary intervention impact on gut microbial gene richness","volume":"500","author":"Cotillard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.03.004","article-title":"Mucispirillum schaedleri Antagonizes Salmonella Virulence to Protect Mice against Colitis","volume":"25","author":"Herp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loy, A., Pfann, C., Steinberger, M., Hanson, B., Herp, S., Brugiroux, S., Gomes Neto, J.C., Boekschoten, M.V., Schwab, C., and Urich, T. (2017). Lifestyle and Horizontal Gene Transfer-Mediated Evolution of Mucispirillum schaedleri, a Core Member of the Murine Gut Microbiota. mSystems, 2.","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00171-16"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"e397","article-title":"Cigarette smoking-induced cardiac hypertrophy, vascular inflammation and injury are attenuated by antioxidant supplementation in an animal model","volume":"7","author":"Zibara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8750","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.27068","article-title":"A high-fat diet impairs mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, and the respiratory chain complex in rat myocardial tissues","volume":"119","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1021\/tx400078b","article-title":"Impaired transcriptional response of the murine heart to cigarette smoke in the setting of high fat diet and obesity","volume":"26","author":"Tilton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.04.010","article-title":"Chronic high fat diet induces cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in mice","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e135","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2014.30","article-title":"You are what you eat, or are you? The challenges of translating high-fat-fed rodents to human obesity and diabetes","volume":"4","author":"Lai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/3\/827\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:10:01Z","timestamp":1760173801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/3\/827"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12030827"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12030827","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]]}}}