{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T15:08:05Z","timestamp":1781017685727,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]],"date-time":"2020-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT-FEDER-COMPETE","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000012-HealthyAging2020; UID\/NEU\/04539\/2013, UID\/NEU\/04539\/2019, UIDB\/04539\/2020, UIDP\/04539\/2020, SFRH\/BD\/109017\/2015, PTDC\/SAU-NUT\/31712\/2017, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031712."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000012-HealthyAging2020; UID\/NEU\/04539\/2013, UID\/NEU\/04539\/2019, UIDB\/04539\/2020, UIDP\/04539\/2020, SFRH\/BD\/109017\/2015, PTDC\/SAU-NUT\/31712\/2017, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031712."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major microvascular complication of diabetes. Obesity and hyperlipidemia, fueled by unhealthy food habits, are risk factors to glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline and DN progression. Several studies recommend that diabetic patients should be screened early (in prediabetes) for kidney disease, in order to prevent advanced stages, for whom the current interventions are clearly inefficient. This ambition greatly depends on the existence of accurate early biomarkers and novel molecular targets, which only may arise with a more thorough knowledge of disease pathophysiology. We used a rat model of prediabetes induced by 23 weeks of high-sugar\/high-fat (HSuHF) diet to characterize the phenotype of early renal dysfunction and injury. When compared with the control animals, HSuHF-treated rats displayed a metabolic phenotype compatible with obese prediabetes, displaying impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, along with hypertriglyceridemia, and lipid peroxidation. Despite unchanged creatinine levels, the prediabetic animals presented glomerular crescent-like lesions, accompanied by increased kidney Oil-Red-O staining, triglycerides content and mRNA expression of IL-6 and iNOS. This model of HSuHF-induced prediabetes can be a useful tool to study early features of DN, namely crescent-like lesions, an early signature that deserves in-depth elucidation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]],"date-time":"2020-03-25T13:10:47Z","timestamp":1585141847000},"page":"881","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Crescent-Like Lesions as an Early Signature of Nephropathy in a Rat Model of Prediabetes Induced by a Hypercaloric Diet"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0240-9059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Nunes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology &amp; Experimental Therapeutics, &amp; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8161-5239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology &amp; Experimental Therapeutics, &amp; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7371-1079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Pregui\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology &amp; Experimental Therapeutics, &amp; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adelaide","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology &amp; Experimental Therapeutics, &amp; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9287-4068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology &amp; Experimental Therapeutics, &amp; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Pharmacy\/Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5205-8939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Pharmacy\/Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Biophysics Institute &amp; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1457-8992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Pharmacy\/Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia D.","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology &amp; Experimental Therapeutics, &amp; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Pharmacy\/Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3401-9554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1vio","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology &amp; Experimental Therapeutics, &amp; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Federation, I.D. (2019). IDF Diabetes Atlas, International Diabetes Federation. [9th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000324934","article-title":"Epidemiology of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"170","author":"Reutens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Contrib. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.9.2604","article-title":"Microvascular complications at time of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes are similar among diabetic patients detected by targeted screening and patients newly diagnosed in general practice: The hoorn screening study","volume":"26","author":"Spijkerman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi17-0044","article-title":"Microvascular Dysfunction and Hyperglycemia: A Vicious Cycle With Widespread Consequences","volume":"67","author":"Stehouwer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2013.01.001","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy: An update","volume":"58","author":"Arora","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i6505","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i6505","article-title":"How to prevent the microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes beyond glucose control","volume":"356","author":"Valencia","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4343","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01922","article-title":"Diabetic Microvascular Disease: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement","volume":"102","author":"Barrett","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60283-9","article-title":"Prediabetes: A high-risk state for diabetes development","volume":"379","author":"Tabak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.10.025","article-title":"Prediabetes and Risk of Glomerular Hyperfiltration and Albuminuria in the General Nondiabetic Population: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"67","author":"Melsom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2017.12.005","article-title":"Prediabetes is associated with microalbuminuria, reduced kidney function and chronic kidney disease in the general population: The KORA (Cooperative Health Research in the Augsburg Region) F4-Study","volume":"28","author":"Markus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13113","article-title":"Association between prediabetes and risk of chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Narayan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2011.167494","article-title":"Established and emerging markers of kidney function","volume":"58","author":"Ferguson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3263","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp428","article-title":"Creatinine as the gold standard for kidney injury biomarker studies?","volume":"24","author":"Waikar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v5.i6.763","article-title":"Biomarkers in diabetic nephropathy: Present and future","volume":"5","author":"Currie","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616313","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/616313","article-title":"New experimental models of diabetic nephropathy in mice models of type 2 diabetes: Efforts to replicate human nephropathy","volume":"2012","author":"Soler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-014-0215-y","article-title":"Rodent animal models: From mild to advanced stages of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"22","author":"Kaur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-015-0706-2","article-title":"An Update on the Use of Animal Models in Diabetic Nephropathy Research","volume":"16","author":"Betz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010010010","article-title":"Pathologic classification of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"21","author":"Tervaert","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009070721","article-title":"Mouse models of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"20","author":"Brosius","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797548","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/797548","article-title":"Advances in murine models of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"2013","author":"Kong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2147\/IJNRD.S103784","article-title":"Rodent models of diabetic nephropathy: Their utility and limitations","volume":"9","author":"Kitada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol. Renovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Preguica, I., Alves, A., Nunes, S., Gomes, P., Fernandes, R., Viana, S.D., and Reis, F. (2020). Diet-Induced Rodent Models of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy, Retinopathy and Nephropathy. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010250"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgeiro, A., Cerqueira, M.G., Varela-Rodriguez, B.M., Nunes, S., Neto, P., Pereira, F.C., Reis, F., and Carvalho, E. (2017). Glucose and Lipid Dysmetabolism in a Rat Model of Prediabetes Induced by a High-Sucrose Diet. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201704.0185.v1"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-12-44","article-title":"Early cardiac changes in a rat model of prediabetes: Brain natriuretic peptide overexpression seems to be the best marker","volume":"12","author":"Nunes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin-Cordero, L., Galvez, I., Hinchado, M.D., and Ortega, E. (2019). beta2 Adrenergic Regulation of the Phagocytic and Microbicide Capacity of Macrophages from Obese and Lean Mice: Effects of Exercise. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112721"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galvez, I., Martin-Cordero, L., Hinchado, M.D., Alvarez-Barrientos, A., and Ortega, E. (2019). Obesity Affects beta2 Adrenergic Regulation of the Inflammatory Profile and Phenotype of Circulating Monocytes from Exercised Animals. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112630"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k5301","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k5301","article-title":"Adiposity and risk of decline in glomerular filtration rate: Meta-analysis of individual participant data in a global consortium","volume":"364","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.12.034","article-title":"Obesity and kidney disease: From population to basic science and the search for new therapeutic targets","volume":"92","author":"Sowers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1900\/RDS.2015.12.110","article-title":"Diabetic Nephropathy: New Risk Factors and Improvements in Diagnosis","volume":"12","author":"Tziomalos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Diabet. Stud."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3809","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2009.00761.x","article-title":"CXCL16 and oxLDL are induced in the onset of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"13","author":"Gutwein","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-5298-6","article-title":"Renal fat fraction and diffusion tensor imaging in patients with early-stage diabetic nephropathy","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2018.1538352","article-title":"Targeting inflammation in diabetic nephropathy: A tale of hope","volume":"27","author":"Moreno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592760","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/592760","article-title":"Effects of sitagliptin treatment on dysmetabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress in an animal model of type 2 diabetes (ZDF rat)","volume":"2010","author":"Ferreira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2007.03.001","article-title":"Measurement of glomerular filtration rate in the conscious rat","volume":"56","author":"Pestel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12508","article-title":"Presymptomatic MPTP Mice Show Neurotrophic S100B\/mRAGE Striatal Levels","volume":"22","author":"Viana","year":"2016","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2014.3317","article-title":"CCT327 enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis through the induction of death receptors and downregulation of cell survival proteins in TRAIL-resistant human leukemia cells","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.163","article-title":"The global burden of chronic kidney disease: Estimates, variability and pitfalls","volume":"13","author":"Glassock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60687-X","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease: Global dimension and perspectives","volume":"382","author":"Jha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/21623945.2015.1061723","article-title":"High-fat diet-induced obesity Rat model: A comparison between Wistar and Sprague-Dawley Rat","volume":"5","author":"Marques","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S211253","article-title":"High-fat diet-induced kidney alterations in rats with metabolic syndrome: Endothelial dysfunction and decreased antioxidant defense","volume":"12","author":"Daliry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00843.x","article-title":"Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis","volume":"63","author":"Jennette","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016040433","article-title":"A Multicenter Study of the Predictive Value of Crescents in IgA Nephropathy","volume":"28","author":"Haas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.12409","article-title":"Unexpected observation of glomerular crescents in a patient with diabetes who developed drug-induced acute tubulointerstitial nephritis: A possible feature of diabetic nephropathy?","volume":"20","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02549874","article-title":"Epithelial crescent in diabetic glomeruli. A case report","volume":"19","author":"Toth","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-1596-7-46","article-title":"Is there a link between diabetic glomerular injury and crescent formation? A case report and literature review","volume":"7","author":"Otani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2017020192","article-title":"Segmental Sclerosis and Extracapillary Hypercellularity Predict Diabetic ESRD","volume":"29","author":"Mottl","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"687","article-title":"Crescents in diabetic glomerulopathy. Incidence and clinical significance","volume":"33","author":"Elfenbein","year":"1975","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00740208","article-title":"Pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis superimposed on diabetic glomerulosclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Nasr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2002.31988","article-title":"Different patterns of renal damage in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A multicentric study on 393 biopsies","volume":"39","author":"Mazzucco","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538737","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/538737","article-title":"Sitagliptin prevents inflammation and apoptotic cell death in the kidney of type 2 diabetic animals","volume":"2014","author":"Marques","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162092","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/162092","article-title":"Diabetic nephropathy amelioration by a low-dose sitagliptin in an animal model of type 2 diabetes (Zucker diabetic fatty rat)","volume":"2011","author":"Mega","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1159\/000330187","article-title":"Glomerular expression of kidney injury molecule-1 and podocytopenia in diabetic glomerulopathy","volume":"34","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2013.10.030","article-title":"Claudin 1 and nephrin label cellular crescents in diabetic glomerulosclerosis","volume":"45","author":"Gaut","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-008-0452-5","article-title":"The renal cortical interstitium: Morphological and functional aspects","volume":"130","author":"Kaissling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2014.3","article-title":"What is the best way to measure renal fibrosis?: A pathologist\u2019s perspective","volume":"4","author":"Farris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F164","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00144.2015","article-title":"Changes in glomerular parietal epithelial cells in mouse kidneys with advanced age","volume":"309","author":"Roeder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.06.110","article-title":"Ki67 is a Graded Rather than a Binary Marker of Proliferation versus Quiescence","volume":"24","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.20890","article-title":"Use of the Ki67 promoter to label cell cycle entry in living cells","volume":"77","author":"Zambon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cytom. A"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13366","article-title":"Para-perirenal distribution of body fat is associated with reduced glomerular filtration rate regardless of other indices of adiposity in hypertensive patients","volume":"20","author":"Geraci","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8712979","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8712979","article-title":"The Effect of Lipotoxicity on Renal Dysfunction in a Nonobese Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome: A Urinary Proteomic Approach","volume":"2019","author":"Markova","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-016-0278-5","article-title":"Lipotoxicity as a trigger factor of renal disease","volume":"29","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2017.03.003","article-title":"IL-6 signaling in diabetic nephropathy: From pathophysiology to therapeutic perspectives","volume":"37","author":"Feigerlova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70065-8","article-title":"Fatty kidney: Emerging role of ectopic lipid in obesity-related renal disease","volume":"2","author":"Ruggenenti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001574","article-title":"Proliferating cells in HIV and pamidronate-associated collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis are parietal epithelial cells","volume":"70","author":"Dijkman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/4\/881\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:11:15Z","timestamp":1760173875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/4\/881"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12040881"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12040881","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]]}}}