{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T16:11:50Z","timestamp":1785773510325,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,28]],"date-time":"2020-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["235046\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["235046\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Optimal vitamin D status has commonly been defined as the level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) at which parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations would be maximally suppressed, represented by an observed minimum plateau. Previous findings indicate a large variation in this plateau, with values ranging from &lt;30 nmol\/L up to 100 nmol\/L. This disparity in values might be explained by differences in study design and methodology, ethnicity, age, gender and latitude. This study aimed to investigate the concentration of 25(OH)D at which PTH concentrations were suppressed in Brazilian women living in opposite latitudes (high vs. low: i.e., UK and Brazil), during wintertime. Using data from the D-SOL study (Interaction between Vitamin D Supplementation and Sunlight Exposure in Women Living in Opposite Latitudes), the association between 25(OH)D status and PTH levels were examined in 135 Brazilian women (56 living in England and 79 living in Brazil, aged 20\u201359 years old). Mean PTH concentrations for Brazilian women with vitamin D deficiency (&lt;25 nmol\/L) were significantly higher compared to those with vitamin D insufficiency (25\u201349.9 nmol\/L) (p &lt; 0.01), vitamin D adequacy (50\u201374.9 nmol\/L) (p &lt; 0.01) and those with optimal vitamin D status (&gt;75 nmol\/L) (p &lt; 0.001). Regression modelling was used to investigate the relationship between serum 25(OH)D and PTH for the sample as a whole and for each group separately. A cubic model was statistically significant for the total sample (p &lt; 0.001), whereas a linear model presented the best fit for Brazilian women living in England (p = 0.04) and there were no statistically significant models fitted for Brazilian women living in Brazil. The cubic model suggests that 25(OH)D concentrations above 70\u201380 nmol\/L are optimal to suppress the parathyroid gland in Brazilian women. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between 25(OH)D and PTH in populations living in a low latitude location and are of great relevance for discussions regarding the estimation of optimal cut-offs for vitamin D levels in the Brazilian population as well as for other low latitude locations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]],"date-time":"2020-03-31T10:29:38Z","timestamp":1585650578000},"page":"942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Suppression of Parathyroid Hormone as a Proxy for Optimal Vitamin D Status: Further Analysis of Two Parallel Studies in Opposite Latitudes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marcela M.","family":"Mendes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7494-9866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn H.","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan A.","family":"Lanham-New","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia B.","family":"Botelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61647-5","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D supplements on bone mineral density: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"383","author":"Reid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1673S","article-title":"Vitamin D and health in the 21st century: Bone and beyond. Executive summary","volume":"80","author":"Reiten","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1689S","article-title":"Overview of general physiologic features and functions of vitamin D","volume":"80","author":"DeLuca","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.07s211","article-title":"Vitamin D and skin physiology: A D-lightful story","volume":"22","author":"Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.2174\/138945011793591635","article-title":"Vitamin D: Evolutionary, Physiological and Health Perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1773","article-title":"Update in vitamin D","volume":"95","author":"Adams","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199709043371003","article-title":"Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older","volume":"337","author":"Harris","year":"1997","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510002576","article-title":"Proceedings of the rank forum on vitamin D","volume":"105","author":"Buttriss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021064","article-title":"Age-related changes in the 25-hydroxyvitamin D versus parathyroid hormone relationship suggest a different reason why older adults require more vitamin D","volume":"88","author":"Vieth","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1283","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1195","article-title":"Optimal vitamin D status: A critical analysis on the basis of evidence based medicine","volume":"98","author":"Bouillon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508023416","article-title":"Predictors of 25-hydroxyvitamin D status among adults in two British national surveys","volume":"101","author":"Hirani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.3.7327","article-title":"A global study of vitamin D status and parathyroid function in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: Baseline data from the multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation clinical trial","volume":"86","author":"Lips","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27302009000900004","article-title":"Concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density","volume":"53","author":"Russo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Endocrinol. Metabol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2006.12.017","article-title":"Factors that influence the cutaneous synthesis and dietary sources of vitamin D","volume":"460","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.12349","article-title":"Vitamin D status in the tropics: Is sunlight exposure the main determinant?","volume":"43","author":"Mendes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.12124","article-title":"McCance and Widdowson\u2019s The Composition of Foods Seventh Summary Edition and updated Composition of Foods Integrated Dataset","volume":"40","author":"Roe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Mills, A., Patel, S., and Crawley, H. (2002). Food Portion Sizes (Maff Handbook)."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2011.01.004","article-title":"The 2011 Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D: What Dietetics Practitioners Need to Know","volume":"111","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"SACN (2016). Vitamin D and Health 2016 [Internet]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendes, M.M., Hart, K.H., Lanham-New, S.A., and Botelho, P.B. (2019). Association between 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, Parathyroid Hormone, Vitamin D and Calcium Intake, and Bone Density in Healthy Adult Women: A Cross-Sectional Analysis from the D-SOL Study. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061267"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2013.02.004","article-title":"Vitamin D and Aging","volume":"42","author":"Gallagher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.12974\/2309-6128.2014.02.02.1","article-title":"The Role of Vitamin D in the Aging Adult","volume":"2","author":"Meehan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Aging Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511005058","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of the vitamin D intake-serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D relationship to inform European recommendations","volume":"106","author":"Cashman","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJN"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.22.4.0437","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: Consequences for bone loss and fractures and therapeutic implications","volume":"22","author":"Lips","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5413.114932","article-title":"Correlation of vitamin D, bone mineral density and parathyroid hormone levels in adults with low bone density","volume":"47","author":"Jammula","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2004.02.003","article-title":"The relationship between vitamin D and parathyroid hormone: Calcium homeostasis, bone turnover, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis","volume":"35","author":"Sahota","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-016-3670-z","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and seasonal variation over the years in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"27","author":"Eloi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.5935\/1676-2444.20170060","article-title":"Consensus\u2014Reference ranges of vitamin D [25(OH)D] from the Brazilian medical societies. Brazilian Society of Clinical Pathology\/Laboratory Medicine (SBPC\/ML) and Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (SBEM)","volume":"53","author":"Ferreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bras. Patol. Med. Lab."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/4\/942\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:12:52Z","timestamp":1760173972000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/4\/942"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,28]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12040942"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12040942","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,28]]}}}