{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T21:26:59Z","timestamp":1783546019704,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":237,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]],"date-time":"2020-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Evidence is accumulating that vitamin D may have beneficial effects on respiratory tract, autoimmune, neuro-degenerative, and mental diseases. The present umbrella review of systematic reviews (SRs) of cohort studies and randomised controlled trials (RCTs), plus single Mendelian randomisation studies aims to update current knowledge on the potential role of vitamin D in preventing and treating these extraskeletal diseases. Altogether, 73 SRs were identified. Observational data on primary prevention suggest an inverse association between vitamin D status and the risk of acute respiratory tract infections (ARI), dementia and cognitive decline, and depression, whereas studies regarding asthma, multiple sclerosis (MS), and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are scarce. SRs of RCTs support observational data only for the risk of ARI. No respective RCTs are available for the prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), MS, and T1DM. SRs of RCTs indicate beneficial therapeutic effects in vitamin D-deficient patients with asthma and COPD, while effects on major depression and T1DM need to be further elucidated. Mendelian randomisation studies do not consistently support the results of SRs. Since several limitations of the included SRs and existing RCTs do not permit definitive conclusions regarding vitamin D and the selected diseases, further high-quality RCTs are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T03:44:13Z","timestamp":1585712653000},"page":"969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Role of Vitamin D in Preventing and Treating Selected Extraskeletal Diseases\u2014An Umbrella Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Friederike","family":"Maretzke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Nutrition Society, 53175 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Bechthold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Nutrition Society, 53175 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Egert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana B.","family":"Ernst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Nutrition Society, 53175 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debora","family":"Melo van Lent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer\u2019s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Pilz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Reichrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult and Pediatric Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology, University Hospital Saarland, 66424 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele I.","family":"Stangl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4596-8088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Stehle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothee","family":"Volkert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 90408 Nuremberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Waizenegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Nutrition Society, 53175 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6085-6554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armin","family":"Zittermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center North Rhine-Westphalia, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"Linseisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Nutrition Society, 53175 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"University Center of Health Sciences at Klinikum Augsburg (UNIKA-T), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 86156 Augsburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-123788","article-title":"Vitamin D in Klinik und Praxis","volume":"142","author":"Zittermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dtsch. 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