{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T11:48:58Z","timestamp":1791805738825,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Numerous benefits are attributed to omega-3 fatty acids (OM3) especially in cardiovascular health. However, bioavailability and clinical efficacy depend on numerous factors, including OM3 form, food matrix effects (especially the lipid content of the diet), and metabolic capacity. Here, we show in humans that a \u201cpre-digested\u201d OM3-sn-1(3)-monoacylglycerol lipid structure (OM3-MAG) has a significantly greater absorption at high therapeutic doses (2.9 g\/day) than the most commonly OM3-ethyl ester (3.1 g\/day) form (used for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia), and a comparable profile to other pre-digested OM3 free fatty acids (OM3-FFA) structure (3.2 g\/day). Nutritional supplement doses of MAG resulted in similar increases in OM3 blood level, compared to OM3 triacylglycerols (OM3-TAG) supplements in obese subjects (1.2 g\/day) under low fat diet, and in children with cystic fibrosis (1.0 g\/day). These results suggest that both forms of pre-digested OM3-MAG and OM3-FFA are effectively absorbed and re-incorporated effectively into triacylglycerols inside the enterocytes, before being exported into the chylomicrons lipid transport system. The pre-digested OM3-MAG might provide a more effective therapy in severe cardiovascular conditions where high doses of OM3 are required and a low-fat diet is indicated, which limited digestive lipase activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]],"date-time":"2020-04-08T05:59:47Z","timestamp":1586325587000},"page":"1014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Monoacylglycerol Form of Omega-3s Improves Its Bioavailability in Humans Compared to Other Forms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5120-1740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Cuenoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nestl\u00e9 Health Science, Translation Research, Avenue Nestl\u00e9 55, CH-1800 Vevey, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2818-8757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle","family":"Rochat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Respiratory Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Gosoniu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nestl\u00e9 Research, Soci\u00e9te des Produits Nestl\u00e9 SA, Lausanne, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, PO Box 94, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenaick","family":"Dupuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nestl\u00e9 Research, Soci\u00e9te des Produits Nestl\u00e9 SA, Lausanne, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, PO Box 94, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Berk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nestle Health Science, \u2018Metabolic Health\u2019, Bridgewater, NJ 1041, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anke","family":"Jaudszus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Pulmonology Section, Cystic Fibrosis Centre for children and adults, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"Mainz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Pulmonology Section, Cystic Fibrosis Centre for children and adults, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pulmonology\/Cystic Fibrosis Center, Brandenburg Medical School (MHB) University, 14770 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaudenz","family":"Hafen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Respiratory Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurice","family":"Beaumont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nestl\u00e9 Research, Soci\u00e9te des Produits Nestl\u00e9 SA, Lausanne, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, PO Box 94, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Cruz-Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nestl\u00e9 Research, Soci\u00e9te des Produits Nestl\u00e9 SA, Lausanne, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, PO Box 94, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000543","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes: An update","volume":"22","author":"Calder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. 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