{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T07:31:48Z","timestamp":1781076708837,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Salud, Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","award":["PI0523-2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI0523-2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diet has been closely associated with inflammatory autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Importantly, the consumption of dietary sugars has been positively linked to elevated levels of some inflammation markers, but the potential role of their consumption on the prognosis of autoimmune diseases has not yet been examined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the dietary intake of free sugars and clinical parameters and cardiovascular (CVD) risk markers in patients with SLE. A cross-sectional study including a total of 193 patients with SLE (aged 48.25 \u00b1 12.54 years) was conducted. The SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI-2K) and the SDI Damage Index were used to asses disease activity and disease-related damage, respectively. Levels of C-reactive protein (CRP; mg\/dL), homocysteine (Hcy; \u00b5mol\/L), anti-double stranded DNA antibodies (anti-dsDNA) (IU\/mL), complement C3 (mg\/dL), and complement C4 (mg\/dL), among other biochemical markers, were measured. The main factors we considered as risk factors for CVD were obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and blood lipids. The dietary-intrinsic sugar and added-sugar content participants consumed were obtained via a 24-h patient diary. Significant differences were observed in dietary sugar intake between patients with active and inactive SLE (in grams: 28.31 \u00b1 24.43 vs. 38.71 \u00b1 28.87; p = 0.035) and free sugar intake (as a percentage: 6.36 \u00b1 4.82 vs. 8.60 \u00b1 5.51; p = 0.020). Linear regression analysis revealed a significant association between free sugars intake (by gram or percentage) and the number of complications (\u03b2 (95% CI) = 0.009 (0.001, 0.0018), p = 0.033)); (\u03b2 (95% CI) = 0.046 (0.008, 0.084), p = 0.018)), and SLEDAI (\u03b2 (95% CI) = 0.017 (0.001, 0.034), p = 0.043)); (\u03b2 (95% CI) = 0.086 (0.011, 0.161), p = 0.024)) after adjusting for covariates. Free sugars (g and %) were also associated with the presence of dyslipidaemia (\u03b2 (95% CI) = \u22120.003 (\u22120.005, 0.000), p = 0.024)) and (\u03b2 (95% CI) = \u22120.015 (\u22120.028, \u22120.002), p = 0.021)). Our findings suggest that a higher consumption of free sugars might negatively impact the activity and complications of SLE. However, future longitudinal research on SLE patients, including dietary intervention trials, are necessary to corroborate these preliminary data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T05:15:41Z","timestamp":1587014141000},"page":"1094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Dietary Intake of Free Sugars is Associated with Disease Activity and Dyslipidemia in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9165-4349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Correa-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Granada (UGR), Avenida de la Ilustraci\u00f3n s\/n, 18100 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria, IBS, Avda, de Madrid, 15, Pabell\u00f3n de consultas externas 2, 2\u00aa planta, 18012 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2720-7461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Pocovi-Gerardino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Granada (UGR), Avenida de la Ilustraci\u00f3n s\/n, 18100 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria, IBS, Avda, de Madrid, 15, Pabell\u00f3n de consultas externas 2, 2\u00aa planta, 18012 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9-Luis","family":"Callejas-Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sist\u00e9micas, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Av, de la Investigaci\u00f3n, s\/n, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"R\u00edos Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sist\u00e9micas, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Av, de la Investigaci\u00f3n, s\/n, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Mart\u00edn-Amada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sist\u00e9micas, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Complejo Hospitalario de Ja\u00e9n, Av. del Ej\u00e9rcito Espa\u00f1ol, 10, 23007 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda-Gracia","family":"Cruz-Caparros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sist\u00e9micas, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Poniente, Carretera de Almerimar, 31, 04700 El Ejido, Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1088-0032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Medina-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Granada (UGR), Avenida de la Ilustraci\u00f3n s\/n, 18100 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norberto","family":"Ortego-Centeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria, IBS, Avda, de Madrid, 15, Pabell\u00f3n de consultas externas 2, 2\u00aa planta, 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sist\u00e9micas, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Av, de la Investigaci\u00f3n, s\/n, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0263-7000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blanca","family":"Rueda-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Granada (UGR), Avenida de la Ilustraci\u00f3n s\/n, 18100 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria, IBS, Avda, de Madrid, 15, Pabell\u00f3n de consultas externas 2, 2\u00aa planta, 18012 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew401","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus diagnosis and management","volume":"56","author":"Thong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-018-4104-4","article-title":"Influence of autoimmunity and inflammation on endothelial function and thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus patients","volume":"37","author":"Mazurek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. 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