{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T17:42:55Z","timestamp":1793468575383,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":212,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ever since its discovery by Windhaus, the importance of the active metabolite of vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; 1,25-(OH)2D3) has been ever expanding. In this review, the attention is shifted towards the importance of the extra-skeletal effects of vitamin D, with special emphasis on the immune system. The first hint of the significant role of vitamin D on the immune system was made by the discovery of the presence of the vitamin D receptor on almost all cells of the immune system. In vitro, the overwhelming effect of supra-physiological doses of vitamin D on the individual components of the immune system is very clear. Despite these promising pre-clinical results, the translation of the in vitro observations to solid clinical effects has mostly failed. Nevertheless, the evidence of a link between vitamin D deficiency and adverse outcomes is overwhelming and clearly points towards avoidance of vitamin D deficiency especially in early life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T09:57:21Z","timestamp":1588067841000},"page":"1248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":407,"title":["Vitamin D\u2019s Effect on Immune Function"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Pieter-Jan","family":"Martens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&amp;N1, Herestraat 49, box 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8647-958X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Conny","family":"Gysemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&amp;N1, Herestraat 49, box 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annemieke","family":"Verstuyf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&amp;N1, Herestraat 49, box 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantal","family":"Mathieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&amp;N1, Herestraat 49, box 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0004","article-title":"Vitamin D and human health: Lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice","volume":"29","author":"Bouillon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr. 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