{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:10:12Z","timestamp":1790691012892,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0188386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0188386"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014376","name":"Central Coast Local Health District","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0190658\/G1700259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0190658\/G1700259"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014376","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UnitingCare Ageing NSW\/ACT","award":["G0189230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0189230"]}]},{"name":"Urbis Pty Ltd","award":["G0189232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0189232"]}]},{"name":"Valhalla Village Pty Ltd","award":["G1000936"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G1000936"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Elevated homocysteine (Hcy) levels are a risk factor for vascular diseases. Recently, increases in ultraviolet radiation (UVR) have been linked to decreased Hcy levels. This relationship may be mediated by the status of UVR-responsive vitamins, vitamin D and folate, and\/or genetic variants influencing their levels; however, this has yet to be examined. Therefore, the independent and interactive influences of environmental UVR, vitamin D and folate levels and related genetic variants on Hcy levels were examined in an elderly Australian cohort (n = 619). Red blood cell folate, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), and plasma Hcy levels were determined, and genotyping for 21 folate and vitamin D-related variants was performed. Erythemal dose rate accumulated over six-weeks (6W-EDR) and four-months (4M-EDR) prior to clinics were calculated as a measure of environmental UVR. Multivariate analyses found interactions between 6W-EDR and 25(OH)D levels (pinteraction = 0.002), and 4M-EDR and MTHFD1-rs2236225 (pinteraction = 0.006) in predicting Hcy levels. The association between 6W-EDR and Hcy levels was found only in subjects within lower 25(OH)D quartiles (&lt;33.26 ng\/mL), with the association between 4M-EDR and Hcy occurring only in subjects carrying the MTHFD1-rs2236225 variant. 4M-EDR, 6W-EDR, and MTHFD1-rs2236225 were also independent predictors of Hcy. Findings highlight nutrient\u2013environment and gene\u2013environment interactions that could influence the risk of Hcy-related outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T11:34:14Z","timestamp":1589801654000},"page":"1455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Independent and Interactive Influences of Environmental UVR, Vitamin D Levels, and Folate Variant MTHFD1-rs2236225 on Homocysteine Levels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4948-1445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrice","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia"},{"name":"Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0788-5177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Lucock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohith","family":"Thota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutraceuticals Research Group, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"},{"name":"Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0514-0865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manohar","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutraceuticals Research Group, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoe","family":"Yates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4140-7785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Scarlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8652-0036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Veysey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hull-York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull YO10 5DD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8888-3789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Beckett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia"},{"name":"Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160kovierov\u00e1, H., Vidomanov\u00e1, E., Mahmood, S., Sopkov\u00e1, J., Drgov\u00e1, A., \u010cerve\u0148ov\u00e1, T., Hala\u0161ov\u00e1, E., and Lehotsk\u00fd, J. 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