{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:45:16Z","timestamp":1791830716508,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,30]],"date-time":"2020-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have a higher risk of cardiovascular (CVD) morbidity and mortality compared to the general population. The links between CKD and CVD are not fully elucidated but encompass both traditional and uremic-related risk factors. The term CKD-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) indicates a systemic disorder characterized by abnormal levels of calcium, phosphate, PTH and FGF-23, along with vitamin D deficiency, decreased bone mineral density or altered bone turnover and vascular calcification. A growing body of evidence shows that CKD patients can be affected by subclinical vitamin K deficiency; this has led to identifying such a condition as a potential therapeutic target given the specific role of Vitamin K in metabolism of several proteins involved in bone and vascular health. In other words, we can hypothesize that vitamin K deficiency is the common pathogenetic link between impaired bone mineralization and vascular calcification. However, some of the most common approaches to CKD, such as (1) low vitamin K intake due to nutritional restrictions, (2) warfarin treatment, (3) VDRA and calcimimetics, and (4) phosphate binders, may instead have the opposite effects on vitamin K metabolism and storage in CKD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T11:49:21Z","timestamp":1591012161000},"page":"1609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Current Therapy in CKD Patients Can Affect Vitamin K Status"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8494-6252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Cozzolino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal Division, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Cianciolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6684-2524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Alfredo","family":"Podest\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal Division, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Ciceri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Galassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal Division, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Gasperoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaetano","family":"La Manna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh813","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease as cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality","volume":"20","author":"Vanholder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2006.12.017","article-title":"Presence of abdominal aortic calcification is significantly associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients","volume":"49","author":"Okuno","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.09.024","article-title":"Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: Different bricks in the wall?","volume":"91","author":"Vervloet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfg414","article-title":"Arterial media calcification in end-stage renal disease: Impact on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality","volume":"18","author":"London","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/15.2.218","article-title":"Morphology of coronary atherosclerotic lesions in patients with end-stage renal failure","volume":"15","author":"Schwarz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.644","article-title":"The emerging role of phosphate in vascular calcification","volume":"75","author":"Giachelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cozzolino, M., Ciceri, P., Galassi, A., Mangano, M., Carugo, S., Capelli, I., and Cianciolo, G. (2019). The Key Role of Phosphate on Vascular Calcification. Toxins (Basel), 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11040213"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161115666170310092202","article-title":"Klotho-FGF23, Cardiovascular Disease, and Vascular Calcification: Black or White?","volume":"16","author":"Cianciolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfw072","article-title":"FGF23 in kidney transplant: The strange case of Doctor Jekyll and Mister Hyde","volume":"9","author":"Cianciolo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfv145","article-title":"Calcifying circulating cells: An uncharted area in the setting of vascular calcification in CKD patients","volume":"9","author":"Cianciolo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft514","article-title":"Is chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) really a syndrome?","volume":"29","author":"Cozzolino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2012.36","article-title":"Arterial calcification and bone physiology: Role of the bone-vascular axis","volume":"8","author":"Thompson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2009.07.001","article-title":"Vascular calcification and bone disease: The calcification paradox","volume":"15","author":"Persy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfv146","article-title":"The effects of vitamin K supplementation and vitamin K antagonists on progression of vascular calcification: Ongoing randomized controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Pyfferoen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1160\/TH08-03-0147","article-title":"Metabolism and cell biology of vitamin K","volume":"100","author":"Shearer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cozzolino, M., Mangano, M., Galassi, A., Ciceri, P., Messa, P., and Nigwekar, S. (2019). Vitamin K in Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010168"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"23","article-title":"Evaluation of vitamin K status and rationale for vitamin K supplementation in dialysis patients","volume":"35","author":"Verbeke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.05.046","article-title":"New insights into the biology of osteocalcin","volume":"82","author":"Zoch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roumeliotis, S., Dounousi, E., Eleftheriadis, T., and Liakopoulos, V. (2019). Association of the Inactive Circulating Matrix Gla Protein with Vitamin K Intake, Calcification, Mortality, and Cardiovascular Disease: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030628"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.310578","article-title":"Chronic Kidney Disease Circulating Calciprotein Particles and Extracellular Vesicles Promote Vascular Calcification: A Role for GRP (Gla-Rich Protein)","volume":"38","author":"Viegas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2019.10.005","article-title":"The Role of Vitamin K in Vascular Calcification","volume":"26","author":"Cozzolino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2019.11.040","article-title":"Vitamin K role in mineral and bone disorder of chronic kidney disease","volume":"502","author":"Stinghen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2016-0783","article-title":"Vitamin K plasma levels determination in human health","volume":"55","author":"Fusaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)00681-7","article-title":"Vitamin K and human nutrition","volume":"92","author":"Suttie","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2019-205997","article-title":"Laboratory assessment of vitamin K status","volume":"73","author":"Card","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/382448a0","article-title":"Increased bone formation in osteocalcin-deficient mice","volume":"382","author":"Ducy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4904","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031673","article-title":"Associations between vitamin K biochemical measures and bone mineral density in men and women","volume":"89","author":"Booth","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/74.6.783","article-title":"Effects of a hydrogenated form of vitamin K on bone formation and resorption","volume":"74","author":"Booth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00794","article-title":"Osteocalcin-A Versatile Bone-Derived Hormone","volume":"9","author":"Moser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347093","article-title":"Vitamin K, bone fractures, and vascular calcifications in chronic kidney disease: An important but poorly studied relationship","volume":"34","author":"Fusaro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117106","article-title":"Age- and gender-related changes in the distribution of osteocalcin in the extracellular matrix of normal male and female bone. Possible involvement of osteocalcin in bone remodeling","volume":"93","author":"Ingram","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-004-0539-6","article-title":"Vitamin K2 inhibits glucocorticoid-induced bone loss partly by preventing the reduction of osteoprotegerin (OPG)","volume":"23","author":"Sasaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(83)91663-7","article-title":"Matrix Gla protein, a new gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein which is associated with the organic matrix of bone","volume":"117","author":"Price","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/386078a0","article-title":"Spontaneous calcification of arteries and cartilage in mice lacking matrix GLA protein","volume":"386","author":"Luo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/5102","article-title":"Mutations in the gene encoding the human matrix Gla protein cause Keutel syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Munroe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43052","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M407180200","article-title":"Processing and transport of matrix gamma-carboxyglutamic acid protein and bone morphogenetic protein-2 in cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells: Evidence for an uptake mechanism for serum fetuin","volume":"279","author":"Wajih","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200402046","article-title":"Extracellular matrix mineralization is regulated locally; different roles of two gla-containing proteins","volume":"165","author":"Murshed","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2007.02758.x","article-title":"Post-translational modifications regulate matrix Gla protein function: Importance for inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification","volume":"5","author":"Schurgers","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1159\/000124863","article-title":"The circulating inactive form of matrix Gla Protein (ucMGP) as a biomarker for cardiovascular calcification","volume":"45","author":"Cranenburg","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1159\/000108629","article-title":"Undercarboxylated matrix GLA protein levels are decreased in dialysis patients and related to parameters of calcium-phosphate metabolism and aortic augmentation index","volume":"25","author":"Hermans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.126","article-title":"Vitamin K deficiency in CKD patients: A modifiable risk factor for vascular calcification?","volume":"76","author":"Krueger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boxma, P.Y., van den Berg, E., Geleijnse, J.M., Laverman, G.D., Schurgers, L.J., Vermeer, C., Kema, I.P., Muskiet, F.A., Navis, G., and Bakker, S.J. (2012). Vitamin k intake and plasma desphospho-uncarboxylated matrix Gla-protein levels in kidney transplant recipients. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047991"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010040339","article-title":"Circulating nonphosphorylated carboxylated matrix gla protein predicts survival in ESRD","volume":"22","author":"Schlieper","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1160\/TH09-11-0786","article-title":"Characterisation and potential diagnostic value of circulating matrix Gla protein (MGP) species","volume":"104","author":"Cranenburg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfw048","article-title":"Fetuin-A-containing calciprotein particles in mineral trafficking and vascular disease","volume":"31","author":"Holt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13333","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M210868200","article-title":"Structural basis of calcification inhibition by alpha 2-HS glycoprotein\/fetuin-A. Formation of colloidal calciprotein particles","volume":"278","author":"Heiss","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01991","article-title":"Cellular Clearance and Biological Activity of Calciprotein Particles Depend on Their Maturation State and Crystallinity","volume":"9","author":"Babler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy117","article-title":"Patients with advanced chronic kidney disease and vascular calcification have a large hydrodynamic radius of secondary calciprotein particles","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu163","article-title":"Medial vascular calcification revisited: Review and perspectives","volume":"35","author":"Lanzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06420909","article-title":"Vitamins K and D status in stages 3-5 chronic kidney disease","volume":"5","author":"Holden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-012-0367-x","article-title":"Vitamin K status in chronic kidney disease: A report of a study and a mini-review","volume":"45","author":"Voong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.191","article-title":"Vitamin K intake and status are low in hemodialysis patients","volume":"82","author":"Cranenburg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000451070","article-title":"Vitamin K Deficiency in Chronic Kidney Disease: Evidence Is Building Up","volume":"45","author":"Fusaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4388","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109683200","article-title":"Matrix GLA protein, a regulatory protein for bone morphogenetic protein-2","volume":"277","author":"Zebboudj","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1538-7836.2003.00023.x","article-title":"Matrix Gla protein (MGP) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 in aortic calcified lesions of aging rats","volume":"1","author":"Sweatt","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30310-8","article-title":"Bone and mineral disorders in chronic kidney disease: Implications for cardiovascular health and ageing in the general population","volume":"6","author":"Covic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.02.004","article-title":"Microcalcifications in early intimal lesions of atherosclerotic human coronary arteries","volume":"178","author":"Roijers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1160\/TH08-04-0241","article-title":"Uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein (ucMGP) is associated with coronary artery calcification in haemodialysis patients","volume":"101","author":"Cranenburg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3263","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn226","article-title":"The circulating calcification inhibitors, fetuin-A and osteoprotegerin, but not matrix Gla protein, are associated with vascular stiffness and calcification in children on dialysis","volume":"23","author":"Shroff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1159\/000443426","article-title":"Plasma Desphospho-Uncarboxylated Matrix Gla Protein as a Marker of Kidney Damage and Cardiovascular Risk in Advanced Stage of Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"41","author":"Kurnatowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000453368","article-title":"Correlations of Plasma Desphosphorylated Uncarboxylated Matrix Gla Protein with Vascular Calcification and Vascular Stiffness in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"135","author":"Thamratnopkoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delanaye, P., Krzesinski, J.M., Warling, X., Moonen, M., Smelten, N., M\u00e9dart, L., Pottel, H., and Cavalier, E. (2014). Dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated Matrix Gla protein concentration is predictive of vitamin K status and is correlated with vascular calcification in a cohort of hemodialysis patients. BMC Nephrol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-15-145"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpy049","article-title":"Inactive Matrix Gla Protein, Arterial Stiffness, and Endothelial Function in African American Hemodialysis Patients","volume":"31","author":"Fain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpy079","article-title":"Circulating Dephospho-Uncarboxylated Matrix Gla-Protein Is Associated With Kidney Dysfunction and Arterial Stiffness","volume":"31","author":"Puzantian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meuwese, C.L., Olauson, H., Qureshi, A.R., Ripsweden, J., Barany, P., Vermeer, C., Drummen, N., and Stenvinkel, P. (2015). Associations between Thyroid Hormones, Calcification Inhibitor Levels and Vascular Calcification in End-Stage Renal Disease. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132353"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.09.014","article-title":"Vitamin K status and mortality after kidney transplantation: A cohort study","volume":"65","author":"Keyzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfx258","article-title":"Desphospho-uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein is a novel circulating biomarker predicting deterioration of renal function in the general population","volume":"33","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2018.07.001","article-title":"Renal matrix Gla protein expression increases progressively with CKD and predicts renal outcome","volume":"105","author":"Miyata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aoun, M., Makki, M., Azar, H., Matta, H., and Chelala, D.N. (2017). High Dephosphorylated-Uncarboxylated MGP in Hemodialysis patients: Risk factors and response to vitamin K. BMC Nephrol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-017-0609-3"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft464","article-title":"Vitamin K2 supplementation in haemodialysis patients: A randomized dose-finding study","volume":"29","author":"Vandecasteele","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2011.10.041","article-title":"Effect of vitamin K2 supplementation on functional vitamin K deficiency in hemodialysis patients: A randomized trial","volume":"59","author":"Westenfeld","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A7","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.01.001","article-title":"US Renal Data System 2018 Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United States","volume":"73","author":"Saran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2012.03.002","article-title":"Vascular calcification: The price to pay for anticoagulation therapy with vitamin K-antagonists","volume":"26","author":"Chatrou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1614911","article-title":"Matrix Gla protein synthesis and gamma-carboxylation in the aortic vessel wall and proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells--a cell system which resembles the system in bone cells","volume":"82","author":"Wallin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.477","article-title":"Dietary vitamin K and therapeutic warfarin alter the susceptibility to vascular calcification in experimental chronic kidney disease","volume":"83","author":"McCabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e191","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2015-0073","article-title":"Impact of stopping vitamin K antagonist therapy on concentrations of dephospho-uncarboxylated Matrix Gla protein","volume":"53","author":"Delanaye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"417","article-title":"Warfarin and aortic valve calcification in hemodialysis patients","volume":"20","author":"Holden","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.05.014","article-title":"Relation of oral anticoagulation to cardiac valvular and coronary calcium assessed by multislice spiral computed tomography","volume":"96","author":"Koos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr226","article-title":"Patients using vitamin K antagonists show increased levels of coronary calcification: An observational study in low-risk atrial fibrillation patients","volume":"32","author":"Weijs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5121","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-01-264598","article-title":"Chronic coumarin treatment is associated with increased extracoronary arterial calcification in humans","volume":"115","author":"Rennenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr658","article-title":"A case-control study of calciphylaxis in Japanese end-stage renal disease patients","volume":"27","author":"Hayashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008080824","article-title":"Anticoagulant and antiplatelet usage associates with mortality among hemodialysis patients","volume":"20","author":"Chan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009030319","article-title":"Warfarin use associates with increased risk for stroke in hemodialysis patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"20","author":"Chan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1677","article-title":"Vitamin K, vertebral fractures, vascular calcifications, and mortality: VItamin K Italian (VIKI) dialysis study","volume":"27","author":"Fusaro","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/089686080802800419","article-title":"Vitamin K status of Canadian peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"28","author":"Holden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jansz, T.T., Neradova, A., van Ballegooijen, A.J., Verhaar, M.C., Vervloet, M.G., Schurgers, L.J., and van Jaarsveld, B.C. (2018). The role of kidney transplantation and phosphate binder use in vitamin K status. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203157"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellam, T., Hameed, A., ul Haque, R., Muthana, M., Wilkie, M., Francis, S.E., and Chico, T.J. (2014). Vitamin D deficiency and exogenous vitamin D excess similarly increase diffuse atherosclerotic calcification in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088767"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-016-0305-6","article-title":"Vitamin D in patients with chronic kidney disease: A position statement of the Working Group \u201cTrace Elements and Mineral Metabolism\u201d of the Italian Society of Nephrology","volume":"29","author":"Morrone","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr555","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D derivatives on vascular calcification associated with inflammation","volume":"27","author":"Guerrero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1136","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00684.2011","article-title":"In vascular smooth muscle cells paricalcitol prevents phosphate-induced Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin activation","volume":"303","author":"Herencia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2019.11.010","article-title":"Nutritional vitamin D in CKD: Should we measure? Should we treat?","volume":"501","author":"Capelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez, M., Aguilera-Tejero, E., Mendoza, F.J., Guerrero, F., and L\u00f3pez, I. (2008). Effects of calcimimetics on extraskeletal calcifications in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. Suppl., S50\u2013S54.","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.546"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0673-z","article-title":"Calcimimetic and vitamin D analog use in hemodialyzed patients is associated with increased levels of vitamin K dependent proteins","volume":"51","author":"Fusaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.05.015","article-title":"Phosphate-Binding Agents in Adults With CKD: A Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials","volume":"68","author":"Palmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248413486355","article-title":"Lanthanum carbonate delays progression of coronary artery calcification compared with calcium-based phosphate binders in patients on hemodialysis: A pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Ohtake","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.00434.x","article-title":"Sevelamer attenuates the progression of coronary and aortic calcification in hemodialysis patients","volume":"62","author":"Chertow","year":"2002","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03820411","article-title":"Mortality in kidney disease patients treated with phosphate binders: A randomized study","volume":"7","author":"Bellasi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.03.023","article-title":"Sevelamer versus calcium carbonate in incident hemodialysis patients: Results of an open-label 24-month randomized clinical trial","volume":"62","author":"Molony","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.02.298","article-title":"A 1-year randomized trial of calcium acetate versus sevelamer on progression of coronary artery calcification in hemodialysis patients with comparable lipid control: The Calcium Acetate Renagel Evaluation-2 (CARE-2) study","volume":"51","author":"Qunibi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.0045","article-title":"Cardiovascular Outcomes of Calcium-Free vs Calcium-Based Phosphate Binders in Patients 65 Years or Older With End-stage Renal Disease Requiring Hemodialysis","volume":"179","author":"Spoendlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neradova, A., Schumacher, S.P., Hubeek, I., Lux, P., Schurgers, L.J., and Vervloet, M.G. (2017). Phosphate binders affect vitamin K concentration by undesired binding, an in vitro study. BMC Nephrol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-017-0560-3"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.5414\/CNP73030","article-title":"Metal ion and vitamin adsorption profiles of phosphate binder ion-exchange resins","volume":"73","author":"Takagi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.01.024","article-title":"Serum Calcification Propensity and Coronary Artery Calcification Among Patients With CKD: The CRIC (Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort) Study","volume":"73","author":"Bundy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07081009","article-title":"The circulating inactive form of matrix gla protein is a surrogate marker for vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: A preliminary report","volume":"5","author":"Schurgers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/6\/1609\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:34:01Z","timestamp":1760175241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/6\/1609"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,30]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12061609"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12061609","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,30]]}}}