{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T11:23:03Z","timestamp":1791199383533,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Magnesium is an essential cation involved in many functions within the central nervous system, including transmission and intracellular signal transduction. Several studies have shown its usefulness in neurological and psychiatric diseases. Furthermore, it seems that magnesium levels are lowered in the course of several mental disorders, especially depression. Objectives: In this study, we wish to evaluate the presence of a relationship between the levels of magnesium and the presence of psychiatric pathology as well as the effectiveness of magnesium as a therapeutic supplementation. Methods: A systematic search of scientific records concerning magnesium in psychiatric disorders published from 2010 up to March 2020 was performed. We collected a total of 32 articles: 18 on Depressive Disorders (DD), four on Anxiety Disorders (AD), four on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), three on Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), one on Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Disorder (OCD), one on Schizophrenia (SCZ) and one on Eating Disorders (ED). Results: Twelve studies highlighted mainly positive results in depressive symptoms. Seven showed a significant correlation between reduced plasma magnesium values and depression measured with psychometric scales. Two papers reported improved depressive symptoms after magnesium intake, two in association with antidepressants, compared to controls. No significant association between magnesium serum levels and panic or Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) patients, in two distinct papers, was found. In two other papers, a reduced Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) score in depressed patients correlated with higher levels of magnesium and beneficial levels of magnesium in stressed patients was found. Two papers reported low levels of magnesium in association with ADHD. Only one of three papers showed lower levels of magnesium in ASD. ED and SCZ reported a variation in magnesium levels in some aspects of the disease. Conclusion: The results are not univocal, both in terms of the plasma levels and of therapeutic effects. However, from the available evidence, it emerged that supplementation with magnesium could be beneficial. Therefore, it is necessary to design ad hoc clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of magnesium alone or together with other drugs (antidepressants) in order to establish the correct use of this cation with potential therapeutic effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]],"date-time":"2020-06-04T04:36:09Z","timestamp":1591245369000},"page":"1661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"title":["The Role and the Effect of Magnesium in Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Botturi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurologic Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5086-3451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Ciappolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4750-1980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Delvecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Boscutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Viscardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4021-8456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Brambilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-0997-0","article-title":"Global Burden of Disease and the Impact of Mental and Addictive Disorders","volume":"21","author":"Rehm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00505-2","article-title":"Estimating the true global burden of mental illness","volume":"3","author":"Vigo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1071\/AH16115","article-title":"A review of the economic impact of mental illness","volume":"43","author":"Doran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust. Health Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32802-7","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"391","author":"Cipriani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.16121358","article-title":"Sixty years of placebo-controlled antipsychotic drug trials in acute schizophrenia: Systematic review, Bayesian meta-analysis, and meta-regression of efficacy predictors","volume":"174","author":"Leucht","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S117321","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, and risks associated with first-and second-generation antipsychotics: A state- of-the-art clinical review","volume":"13","author":"Solmi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.4068\/cmj.2018.54.2.101","article-title":"Addressing the Side Effects of Contemporary Antidepressant Drugs: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chonnam Med. J."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"165","article-title":"The inexplicable rise of medication prices","volume":"30","author":"Balon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Psychiatry Off. J. Am. Acad. Clin. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"121","article-title":"Impact of oral nutritional supplementation on hospital outcomes","volume":"19","author":"Philipson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag. Care"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.05.010","article-title":"A systematic review of the cost and cost effectiveness of using standard oral nutritional supplements in the hospital setting","volume":"35","author":"Elia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-019-01134-9","article-title":"Nutritional Psychiatry: From Concept to the Clinic","volume":"79","author":"Sarris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0237-8","article-title":"Healthy dietary indices and risk of depressive outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"24","author":"Lassale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20672","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of nutrient supplements in the treatment of mental disorders: A meta-review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials","volume":"18","author":"Firth","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.12.034","article-title":"The role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFAs) in affective disorders","volume":"224","author":"Ciappolino","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, Y., Xie, B., Zhang, H., He, Q., Guo, L., Subramaniapillai, M., Fan, B., Lu, C., and Mclntyer, R.S. (2019). Efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs in depression: A meta-analysis. Transl. Psychiatry, 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0515-5"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.050","article-title":"A multi-national, multi-disciplinary Delphi consensus study on using omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) for the treatment of major depressive disorder","volume":"265","author":"Guu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1177\/000456329102800103","article-title":"The role of magnesium in clinical biochemistry: An overview","volume":"28","author":"Ryan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-01905-w","article-title":"Magnesium and health outcomes: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational and intervention studies","volume":"59","author":"Veronese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12682","article-title":"Hypomagnesaemia linked to depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Cheungpasitporn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intern. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2017.03.022","article-title":"Magnesium in schizophrenia","volume":"69","author":"Ordak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1684\/mrh.2018.0443","article-title":"Magnesium in addiction\u2014A general view","volume":"31","author":"Nechifor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2016.09.002","article-title":"The Role of Elements in Anxiety","volume":"103","author":"Doboszewska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.02.043","article-title":"Magnesium status and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analysis","volume":"274","author":"Effatpanah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyle, N.B., Lawton, C., and Dye, L. (2017). The Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Subjective Anxiety and Stress-A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9050429"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2018.22","article-title":"Magnesium and mood disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Phelan","year":"2018","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.11.002","article-title":"Level of magnesium in psychiatry\u2014What is the cause of ambiguous results?","volume":"51","author":"Ordak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jahnen-Dechent, W., and Ketteler, M. (2012). Magnesium basics. CKJ Clin. Kidney J., 5.","DOI":"10.1093\/ndtplus\/sfr163"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016022730880","article-title":"Structural and catalytic chemistry of magnesium-dependent enzymes","volume":"15","author":"Cowan","year":"2002","journal-title":"BioMetals"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.11.003","article-title":"Signal Transduction: Magnesium Manifests as a Second Messenger","volume":"28","author":"Stangherlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.13568","article-title":"Pretreatment with magnesium sulfate attenuates white matter damage by preventing cell death of developing oligodendrocytes","volume":"44","author":"Seyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.05.006","article-title":"Regulation of structural and functional synapse density by L-threonate through modulation of intraneuronal magnesium concentration","volume":"108","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s11055-009-9182-y","article-title":"Features of central neurotransmission in animals in conditions of dietary magnesium deficiency and after its correction","volume":"39","author":"Spasov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci. Behav. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamanaka, R., Shindo, Y., and Oka, K. (2019). Magnesium is a key player in neuronal maturation and neuropathology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20143439"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)03395-4","article-title":"Magnesium pre-treatment reduces neuronal apoptosis in newborn rats in hypoxia-ischemia","volume":"955","author":"Atalay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-014-0065-y","article-title":"Elevation of brain magnesium prevents synaptic loss and reverses cognitive deficits in Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse model","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z.P., Li, L., Bao, J., Wang, Z.H., Zeng, J., Liu, E.J., Li, X.G., Huang, R.X., Gao, D., and Li, M.Z. (2014). Magnesium protects cognitive functions and synaptic plasticity in streptozotocin-induced sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s model. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108645"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2018.1544400","article-title":"Magnesium promotes the viability and induces differentiation of neural stem cells both in vitro and in vivo","volume":"41","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2014.05.001","article-title":"Effects of elevated magnesium and substrate on neuronal numbers and neurite outgrowth of neural stem\/progenitor cells in vitro","volume":"84","author":"Vennemeyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.12.026","article-title":"Enhancement of Learning and Memory by Elevating Brain Magnesium","volume":"65","author":"Slutsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145713001089","article-title":"Antidepressant-like activity of magnesium in the chronic mild stress model in rats: Alterations in the NMDA receptor subunits","volume":"17","author":"Pochwat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.07.027","article-title":"Magnesium deficiency induces anxiety and HPA axis dysregulation: Modulation by therapeutic drug treatment","volume":"62","author":"Sartori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14871","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3782-11.2011","article-title":"Effects of elevation of brain magnesium on fear conditioning, fear extinction, and synaptic plasticity in the infralimbic prefrontal cortex and lateral amygdala","volume":"31","author":"Abumaria","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0714-8","article-title":"Modulation of antidepressant-like activity of magnesium by serotonergic system","volume":"114","author":"Poleszak","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2015.7","article-title":"Dietary magnesium deficiency alters gut microbiota and leads to depressive-like behaviour","volume":"27","author":"Winther","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.08.009","article-title":"Zinc, magnesium and NMDA receptor alterations in the hippocampus of suicide victims","volume":"151","author":"Szewczyk","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549S","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2004.10719401","article-title":"The influence of some antipsychotics on erythrocyte magnesium and plasma magnesium, calcium, copper and zinc in patients with paranoid schizophrenia","volume":"23","author":"Nechifor","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199505000-00013","article-title":"Calcium, magnesium, and psychotic symptoms in a girl with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism","volume":"57","author":"Ang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.10.049","article-title":"Influence of magnesium supplementation on movement side effects related to typical antipsychotic treatment in rats","volume":"320","author":"Kronbauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D.G., and The PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Um, P., Dickerman, B.A., and Liu, J. (2018). Zinc, Magnesium, Selenium and Depression: A Review of the Evidence, Potential Mechanisms and Implications. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050584"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shakya, P.R., Melaku, Y.A., Page, A., and Gill, T.K. (2019). Association between dietary patterns and adult depression symptoms based on principal component analysis, reduced-rank regression and partial least-squares. Clin. Nutr.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.12.011"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2018.1538388","article-title":"Decreased serum magnesium levels in depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"You","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-019-00458-5","article-title":"Total and ionized calcium and magnesium are significantly lowered in drug-na\u00efve depressed patients: Effects of antidepressants and associations with immune activation","volume":"34","author":"Twayej","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2019.0110","article-title":"Biomarkers in Drug Free Subjects with Depression: Correlation with Tryptophan","volume":"16","author":"Samad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-013-9723-7","article-title":"Comparative analysis of serum zinc, copper, manganese, iron, calcium, and magnesium level and complexity of interelement relations in generalized anxiety disorder patients","volume":"154","author":"Islam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, M.R., Islam, M.R., Shalahuddin Qusar, M.M.A., Islam, M.S., Kabir, M.H., Mustafizur Rahman, G.K.M., Islam, M.S., and Hasnat, A. (2018). Alterations of serum macro-minerals and trace elements are associated with major depressive disorder: A case-control study. BMC Psychiatry, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1685-z"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"221","article-title":"Serum Vitamin D and Magnesium levels in a psychiatric cohort","volume":"31","author":"Woodward","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Danub."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-11-41","article-title":"Correlation of magnesium intake with metabolic parameters, depression and physical activity in elderly type 2 diabetes patients: A cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2012.6.6.527","article-title":"Low dietary calcium is associated with self-rated depression in middle-aged Korean women","volume":"6","author":"Bae","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.15171\/jcs.2019.017","article-title":"Correlation between Depression with Serum Levels of Vitamin D, Calcium and Magnesium in Women of Reproductive Age","volume":"8","author":"Mohaddesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Caring Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1179\/1476830512Y.0000000002","article-title":"Plasma magnesium levels and treatment outcome in depressed patients","volume":"15","author":"Camardese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"67","article-title":"Variability in serum electrolytes in different grades of depression","volume":"55","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-016-0798-9","article-title":"Analysis of Relations Between the Level of Mg, Zn, Ca, Cu, and Fe and Depressiveness in Postmenopausal Women","volume":"176","author":"Szkup","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarleton, E.K., Kennedy, A.G., Rose, G.L., Crocker, A., and Littenberg, B. (2019). The Association between Serum Magnesium Levels and Depression in an Adult Primary Care Population. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071475"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14100","article-title":"Screening of depression in overweight and obese pregnant women and its predictors","volume":"45","author":"Dolatkhah","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-009-8441-7","article-title":"Comparative analysis of serum manganese, zinc, calcium, copper and magnesium level in panic disorder patients","volume":"133","author":"Nahar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"64","article-title":"Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA) in infertile women with endometriosis and its correlation with magnesium levels in peritoneal fluid","volume":"21","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Danub."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-012-9371-3","article-title":"Alterations of serum zinc, copper, manganese, iron, calcium, and magnesium concentrations and the complexity of interelement relations in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"148","author":"Shohag","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12038","article-title":"Platelet and serum calcium and magnesium concentration in suicidal and non-suicidal schizophrenic patients","volume":"67","author":"Ruljancic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533612446799","article-title":"Hypomagnesemia in adolescents with eating disorders hospitalized for medical instability","volume":"27","author":"Raj","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1408-9","article-title":"Blood Levels of Trace Elements in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Results from a CaseControl Study","volume":"187","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/1824-7288-37-60","article-title":"Zinc, ferritin, magnesium and copper in a group of Egyptian children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"37","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2019.126445","article-title":"Serum zinc, copper, zinc-to-copper ratio, and other essential elements and minerals in children with attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"58","author":"Skalny","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1615-4","article-title":"Evaluation of Whole Blood Trace Element Levels in Chinese Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"191","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.06.174","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of the trace elements copper, zinc and selenium in Brazilian children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"106","author":"Chirumbolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, M., Li, L., Zhang, Q., Chen, L., Dai, Y., Liu, L., Feng, J., Cai, X., Cheng, Q., and Chen, J. (2018). Vitamin and mineral status of children with autism spectrum disorder in Hainan Province of China: Associations with symptoms. Nutr. Neurosci., 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2018.1558762"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2016.10.014","article-title":"Effect of magnesium supplementation on depression status in depressed patients with magnesium deficiency: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"Rajizadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarleton, E.K., Littenberg, B., MacLean CDKennedy, A.G., and Daley, C. (2017). Role of magnesium supplementation in the treatment of depression: A randomized clinical trial. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180067"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryszewska-Pokra\u015bniewicz, B., Mach, A., Skalski, M., Januszko, P., Wawrzyniak, Z.M., Poleszak, E., Nowak, G., Pilc, A., and Radziwo\u0144-Zaleska, M. (2018). Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Unipolar Depression: A Placebo-Controlled Study and Review of the Importance of Dosing and Magnesium Status in the Therapeutic Response. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081014"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2016.1235074","article-title":"Effects of zinc and magnesium supplements on postpartum depression and anxiety: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"57","author":"Fard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.09.007","article-title":"Can we predict treatment response in children with ADHD to a vitamin-mineral supplement? An investigation ino pre-treatment nutrient serum levels, MTHFR status, clinical correlates and demographic variables","volume":"89","author":"Rucklidge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pouteau, E., Kabir-Ahmadi, M., Noah, L., Mazur, A., Dye, L., Hellhammer, J., Pickering, G., and Dubray, C. (2018). Superiority of magnesium and vitamin B6 over magnesium alone on severe stress in healthy adults with low magnesemia: A randomized, single-blind clinical trial. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208454"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12480","article-title":"Double-blind, andomized crossover study of intravenous infusion of magnesium sulfate versus 5% dextrose on depressive symptoms in adults with treatment-resistant depression","volume":"71","author":"Mehdi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(93)90003-K","article-title":"Effects of haloperidol on human plasma magnesium","volume":"27","author":"Durst","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-198308000-00002","article-title":"Serum calcium and magnesium levels in chronic schizophrenics","volume":"3","author":"Athanassenas","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [4th ed]."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-014-0522-2","article-title":"Nutrition, immunological mechanisms and dietary immunomodulation in ADHD","volume":"23","author":"Verlaet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Publishing. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X13666150115220617","article-title":"Zinc in the glutamatergic theory of depression","volume":"13","author":"Mlyniec","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(01)00092-8","article-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinological contributions to the etiology of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and stress-related bodily disorders: The role of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis","volume":"57","author":"Ehlert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.5","article-title":"The role of inflammation in depression: From evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target","volume":"16","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(85)90091-6","article-title":"Magnesium ions block an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor- mediated component of synaptic transmission in rat hippocampus","volume":"53","author":"Coan","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"157","article-title":"Dietary magnesium deficiency decreases plasma melatonin in rats","volume":"19","author":"Billyard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"112","article-title":"Magnesium and depression","volume":"29","author":"Serefko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"654","article-title":"Effects of acute and chronic treatment with magnesium in the forced swim test in rats","volume":"57","author":"Poleszak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"746","article-title":"Immobility stress induces depression-like behavior in the forced swim test in mice: Effect of magnesium and imipramine","volume":"58","author":"Poleszak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2004.08.010","article-title":"Magnesium-deficient diet alters depression- and anxiety-related behavior in mice-influence of desipramine and Hypericum perforatum extract","volume":"47","author":"Singewald","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2007.07.018","article-title":"NMDA\/glutamate mechanism of antidepressant-like action of magnesium in forced swim test in mice","volume":"88","author":"Poleszak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.02.015","article-title":"Ketamine, magnesium and major depression--from pharmacology to pathophysiology and back","volume":"47","author":"Murck","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/00048670802534408","article-title":"Association between magnesium intake and depression and anxiety in community-dwelling adults: The Hordaland Health Study","volume":"431","author":"Jacka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/6\/1661\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:35:19Z","timestamp":1760175319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/6\/1661"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12061661"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12061661","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]]}}}