{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T20:40:03Z","timestamp":1790368803589,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]],"date-time":"2020-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18K10690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K10690"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this systematic review was to assess the best available evidence on semi-solid nutrients for prevention of complications associated with enteral tube feeding (ETF). PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trial, Ichushi-web, and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform databases were searched for relevant articles. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cluster RCTs, and crossover trials comparing the effects of semi-solid nutrients with those of control interventions in patients on ETF were included in the review. The primary outcome was development of gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Eight RCTs and five crossover trials involving 889 study participants in total were examined via meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed that semi-solid nutrients significantly decreased the risk of GER (risk ratio 0.39; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.21 to 0.73) and the GER index (mean difference \u22122.93; 95% CI \u22125.18 to \u22120.68). Dwell time in the stomach was significantly shortened (standardized mean difference (SMD) \u22120.50; 95% CI \u22120.99 to \u22120.02), as was care time defined as the time needed to prepare and administer the nutrient solution (SMD \u22128.02; 95% CI \u221210.94 to \u22125.10). Semi-solid nutrients significantly decrease the risk of GER and the dwell time in the stomach in adult patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T04:19:39Z","timestamp":1591676379000},"page":"1687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Semi-Solid Nutrients for Prevention of Enteral Tube Feeding-Related Complications in Japanese Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yoji","family":"Kokura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, Keiju Medical Center, Ishikawa 926-8605, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1362-9348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chieko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ajisu Kyoritsu Hospital, Yamaguchi 754-1277, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0364-0818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hidetaka","family":"Wakabayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Kanagawa 232-0024, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7132-7818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keisuke","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi 474-8511, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Palliative and Supportive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8700-9029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kotomi","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Setagaya Memorial Hospital, Tokyo 158-0092, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3274-3952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryo","family":"Momosaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie 5148507, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8505","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i26.8505","article-title":"Gastroenteric tube feeding: Techniques, problems and solutions","volume":"20","author":"Blumenstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. 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