{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:29:31Z","timestamp":1790760571730,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health and Medical Research Fund, the Food and Health Bureau, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region","award":["04150746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04150746"]}]},{"name":"Boston Children's Hospital OFD\/BTREC\/CTREC Faculty Career Development Grant","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"Boston Children's Hospital Ophthalmology Foundation","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"Boston Children's Hospital Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009693","name":"Little Giraffe Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lutein is one of the few xanthophyll carotenoids that is found in high concentration in the macula of human retina. As de novo synthesis of lutein within the human body is impossible, lutein can only be obtained from diet. It is a natural substance abundant in egg yolk and dark green leafy vegetables. Many basic and clinical studies have reported lutein\u2019s anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties in the eye, suggesting its beneficial effects on protection and alleviation of ocular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, myopia, and cataract. Most importantly, lutein is categorized as Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS), posing minimal side-effects upon long term consumption. In this review, we will discuss the chemical structure and properties of lutein as well as its application and safety as a nutritional supplement. Finally, the effects of lutein consumption on the aforementioned eye diseases will be reviewed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T05:16:14Z","timestamp":1591679774000},"page":"1721","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":140,"title":["Lutein Supplementation for Eye Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7757-856X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Long Hin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8175-7069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jetty Chung-Yung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho Hang","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wai Ching","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8182-2983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongjie","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital\/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Manton Center for Orphan Disease, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4239-6851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy Cheuk Yin","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-019-01364-x","article-title":"Carotenoids as natural functional pigments","volume":"74","author":"Maoka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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