{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:13:15Z","timestamp":1791889995972,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]],"date-time":"2020-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RF16MINT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF16MINT"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Celiac disease (CD) and non-celiac gluten\/wheat sensitivity (NCG\/WS) are the two most frequent conditions belonging to gluten-related disorders (GRDs). Both these diseases are triggered and worsened by gluten proteins ingestion, although other components, such as amylase\/trypsin inhibitors (ATI) and fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs), seem to be involved in the NCG\/WS onset. Therefore, the only effective treatment to date is the long-life adherence to a strictly gluten-free diet. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the intestinal barrier, a dynamic system comprising various components, which regulate the delicate crosstalk between metabolic, motor, neuroendocrine and immunological functions. Among the elements characterizing the intestinal barrier, the microbiota plays a key role, modulating the gut integrity maintenance, the immune response and the inflammation process, linked to the CD and NCG\/WS outbreak. This narrative review addresses the most recent findings on the gut microbiota modulation induced by the gluten-free diet (GFD) in healthy, CD and NCG\/WS patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]],"date-time":"2020-06-19T10:43:58Z","timestamp":1592563438000},"page":"1832","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["Effect of Gluten-Free Diet on Gut Microbiota Composition in Patients with Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten\/Wheat Sensitivity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Caio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, St. Anna University Hospital, University of Ferrara, 44124 Cona, Italy"},{"name":"Celiac Center and Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research, Massachusetts General Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Lungaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, SS. Annunziata Hospital, University of Ferrara, 44042 Cento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1583-5794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Segata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated and Computational Cell Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38122 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5841-8555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Guarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, St. Anna University Hospital, University of Ferrara, 44124 Cona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Zoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, SS. Annunziata Hospital, University of Ferrara, 44042 Cento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"Volta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0867-5873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"De Giorgio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, St. Anna University Hospital, University of Ferrara, 44124 Cona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sapone, A., Bai, J.C., Ciacci, C., Dolinsek, J., Green, P.H., Hadjivassiliou, M., Kaukinen, K., Rostami, K., Sanders, D.S., and Schumann, M. (2012). Spectrum of gluten-related disorders: Consensus on new nomenclature and classification. BMC Med., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-10-13"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7110","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i23.7110","article-title":"Diagnosis of gluten related disorders: Celiac disease, wheat allergy and non-celiac gluten sensitivity","volume":"21","author":"Elli","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2018.09.012","article-title":"Nonceliac Wheat Sensitivity: An Immune-Mediated Condition with Systemic Manifestations","volume":"48","author":"Volta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.434","article-title":"Neurological Dysfunction in Coeliac Disease and Non-Coeliac Gluten Sensitivity","volume":"111","author":"Hadjivassiliou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31486-7","article-title":"Coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis","volume":"392","author":"Caio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caio, G., Volta, U., Sapone, A., Leffler, D.A., De Giorgio, R., Catassi, C., and Fasano, A. (2019). Celiac disease: A comprehensive current review. BMC Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1380-z"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz080","article-title":"Dietary Gluten as a Conditioning Factor of the Gut Microbiota in Celiac Disease","volume":"11","author":"Bascunan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aaltonen, K., Laurikka, P., Huhtala, H., M\u00e4ki, M., Kaukinen, K., and Kurppa, K. (2017). The Long-Term Consumption of Oats in Celiac Disease Patients Is Safe: A Large Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9060611"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520500235334","article-title":"Gliadin, zonulin and gut permeability: Effects on celiac and non-celiac intestinal mucosa and intestinal cell lines","volume":"41","author":"Drago","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.2.218","article-title":"Early effects of gliadin on enterocyte intracellular signalling involved in intestinal barrier function","volume":"52","author":"Clemente","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.03.023","article-title":"Gliadin induces an increase in intestinal permeability and zonulin release by binding to the chemokine receptor CXCR3","volume":"135","author":"Lammers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scaldaferri, F., Pizzoferrato, M., Gerardi, V., Lopetuso, L., and Gasbarrini, A. (2012). The gut barrier: New acquisitions and therapeutic approaches. J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 46.","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31826ae849"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1068","article-title":"The therapeutic management of gut barrier leaking: The emerging role for mucosal barrier protectors","volume":"19","author":"Lopetuso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-011-8291-x","article-title":"Leaky gut and autoimmune diseases","volume":"42","author":"Fasano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2019.11.010","article-title":"Therapeutic options for coeliac disease: What else beyond gluten-free diet?","volume":"52","author":"Caio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx031","article-title":"Small Bowel Carcinomas in Coeliac or Crohn\u2019s Disease: Clinico-pathological, Molecular, and Prognostic Features. A Study From the Small Bowel Cancer Italian Consortium","volume":"11","author":"Vanoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"326","article-title":"Endoscopic and histological pitfalls in the diagnosis of celiac disease: A multicentre study assessing the current practice","volume":"105","author":"Villanacci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Enferm. Dig. Organo Of. Soc. Esp. Patol. Dig."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caio, G., Volta, U., Ursini, F., Manfredini, R., and De Giorgio, R. (2019). Small bowel adenocarcinoma as a complication of celiac disease: Clinical and diagnostic features. BMC Gastroenterol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-019-0964-6"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2015.07.003","article-title":"The genetics of celiac disease: A comprehensive review of clinical implications","volume":"64","author":"Cenit","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.2174\/092986709787909613","article-title":"Toxic, immunostimulatory and antagonist gluten peptides in celiac disease","volume":"16","author":"Silano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4435","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.113.24.4435","article-title":"Human zonulin, a potential modulator of intestinal tight junctions","volume":"113","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.07.066","article-title":"Rapid disruption of intestinal barrier function by gliadin involves altered expression of apical junctional proteins","volume":"579","author":"Sander","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-013-9888-z","article-title":"Antibodies to deamidated gliadin peptides: An accurate predictor of coeliac disease in infancy","volume":"33","author":"Amarri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.06.018","article-title":"A direct role for NKG2D\/MICA interaction in villous atrophy during celiac disease","volume":"21","author":"Hue","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senger, S., Sapone, A., Fiorentino, M.R., Mazzarella, G., Lauwers, G.Y., and Fasano, A. (2015). Celiac Disease Histopathology Recapitulates Hedgehog Downregulation, Consistent with Wound Healing Processes Activation. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144634"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13343","article-title":"Zonulin transgenic mice show altered gut permeability and increased morbidity\/mortality in the DSS colitis model","volume":"1397","author":"Sturgeon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. N. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000406","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2020-000406","article-title":"Life-threatening onset of coeliac disease: A case report and literature review","volume":"7","author":"Guarino","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.34102","article-title":"Spreading and focusing of gluten epitopes in celiac disease","volume":"122","author":"Martucci","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2006.02.006","article-title":"A gut feeling for joint inflammation\u2014Using coeliac disease to understand rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"27","author":"Molberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1586\/egh.13.5","article-title":"Gut-liver axis: An immune link between celiac disease and primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"7","author":"Volta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"146","article-title":"Clinical and immunological relevance of anti-neuronal antibodies in celiac disease with neurological manifestations","volume":"8","author":"Caio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Bed Bench"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"244","article-title":"Prevalence of celiac disease serological markers in a cohort of Italian rheumatological patients","volume":"11","author":"Caio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Bed Bench"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah5298","article-title":"Reovirus infection triggers inflammatory responses to dietary antigens and development of celiac disease","volume":"356","author":"Bouziat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l231","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l231","article-title":"Enterovirus as trigger of coeliac disease: Nested case-control study within prospective birth cohort","volume":"364","author":"Kahrs","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00741.x","article-title":"Rotavirus infection frequency and risk of celiac disease autoimmunity in early childhood: A longitudinal study","volume":"101","author":"Stene","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1400697","article-title":"Introduction of Gluten, HLA Status, and the Risk of Celiac Disease in Children","volume":"371","author":"Lionetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1404172","article-title":"Randomized Feeding Intervention in Infants at High Risk for Celiac Disease","volume":"371","author":"Vriezinga","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"686","article-title":"Features and Progression of Potential Celiac Disease in Adults","volume":"14","author":"Volta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Off. Clin. Pract. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"551","article-title":"Increased prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in the gut microbiota of infants at risk of developing celiac disease: The PROFICEL study","volume":"9","author":"Olivares","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02597","article-title":"Cross-Talk Between Gluten, Intestinal Microbiota and Intestinal Mucosa in Celiac Disease: Recent Advances and Basis of Autoimmunity","volume":"9","author":"Chander","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catassi, C., Alaedini, A., Bojarski, C., Bonaz, B., Bouma, G., Carroccio, A., Castillejo, G., De Magistris, L., Dieterich, W., and Di Liberto, D. (2017). The Overlapping Area of Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity (NCGS) and Wheat-Sensitive Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): An Update. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111268"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"119","article-title":"Coeliac disease: Changing diagnostic criteria?","volume":"5","author":"Caio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Bed Bench"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volta, U., Bardella, M.T., Calabr\u00f2, A., Troncone, R., and Corazza, G.R. (2014). An Italian prospective multicenter survey on patients suspected of having non-celiac gluten sensitivity. BMC Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-12-85"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caio, G., Volta, U., Tovoli, F., and De Giorgio, R. (2014). Effect of gluten free diet on immune response to gliadin in patients with non-celiac gluten sensitivity. BMC Gastroenterol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-14-26"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.15","article-title":"New understanding of gluten sensitivity","volume":"9","author":"Volta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.12.050","article-title":"More Than One Culprit for Nonceliac Gluten\/Wheat Sensitivity","volume":"155","author":"Volta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.12.049","article-title":"Nonceliac gluten sensitivity","volume":"148","author":"Fasano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sapone, A., Lammers, K.M., Casolaro, V., Cammarota, M., Giuliano, M.T., De Rosa, M., Stefanile, R., Mazzarella, G., Tolone, C., and Russo, M.I. (2011). Divergence of gut permeability and mucosal immune gene expression in two gluten-associated conditions: Celiac disease and gluten sensitivity. BMC Med., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-9-23"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.01.049","article-title":"A controlled trial of gluten-free diet in patients with irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea: Effects on bowel frequency and intestinal function","volume":"144","author":"Camilleri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.12.061","article-title":"Responses of peripheral blood mononucleated cells from non-celiac gluten sensitive patients to various cereal sources","volume":"176","author":"Valerii","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3182372541","article-title":"Serological tests in gluten sensitivity (nonceliac gluten intolerance)","volume":"46","author":"Volta","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.236","article-title":"Non-celiac wheat sensitivity diagnosed by double-blind placebo-controlled challenge: Exploring a new clinical entity","volume":"107","author":"Carroccio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"16","article-title":"Pathophysiology of non-celiac gluten sensitivity: Where are we now?","volume":"63","author":"Caio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Minerva Gastroenterol. Dietol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e178","DOI":"10.1038\/ctg.2016.35","article-title":"Predominance of Type 1 Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Rectal Mucosa of Patients With Non-Celiac Wheat Sensitivity: Reversal After a Wheat-Free Diet","volume":"7","author":"Mansueto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.91","article-title":"Mucosal cytokine response after short-term gluten challenge in celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity","volume":"108","author":"Brottveit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13814","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13814","article-title":"Mast cell-nerve interactions correlate with bloating and abdominal pain severity in patients with non-celiac gluten \/ wheat sensitivity","volume":"32","author":"Giancola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil. Off. J. Eur. Gastrointest. Motil. Soc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbaro, M.R., Cremon, C., Morselli-Labate, A.M., Di Sabatino, A., Giuffrida, P., Corazza, G.R., Di Stefano, M., Caio, G., Latella, G., and Ciacci, C. (2020). Serum zonulin and its diagnostic performance in non-coeliac gluten sensitivity. Gut.","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319281"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2016.118","article-title":"Gluten-induced symptoms in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome are associated with increased myosin light chain kinase activity and claudin-15 expression","volume":"97","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-311964","article-title":"Intestinal cell damage and systemic immune activation in individuals reporting sensitivity to wheat in the absence of coeliac disease","volume":"65","author":"Uhde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.03.017","article-title":"Influence of low FODMAP and gluten-free diets on disease activity and intestinal microbiota in patients with non-celiac gluten sensitivity","volume":"38","author":"Dieterich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000139","article-title":"The gut microbiome in health and in disease","volume":"31","author":"Shreiner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06244","article-title":"The Human Microbiome Project","volume":"449","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3182","article-title":"The human microbiome: At the interface of health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14875","article-title":"The Gastrointestinal Microbiome: A Review","volume":"32","author":"Barko","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sender, R., Fuchs, S., and Milo, R. (2016). Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body. PLoS Biol., 14.","DOI":"10.1101\/036103"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k2179","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2179","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health","volume":"361","author":"Valdes","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"17","article-title":"Part 1: The Human Gut Microbiome in Health and Disease","volume":"13","author":"Bull","year":"2014","journal-title":"Integr. Med. Encinitas"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2011.12.009","article-title":"The bacterial chemical repertoire mediates metabolic exchange within gut microbiomes","volume":"15","author":"Rath","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.011","article-title":"Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation","volume":"157","author":"Belkaid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.215665","article-title":"Composition and energy harvesting capacity of the gut microbiota: Relationship to diet, obesity and time in mouse models","volume":"59","author":"Murphy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2013.03.009","article-title":"Disruption of the gut microbiome as a risk factor for microbial infections","volume":"16","author":"Khosravi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rinninella, E., Raoul, P., Cintoni, M., Franceschi, F., Miggiano, G.A.D., Gasbarrini, A., and Mele, M.C. (2019). What is the Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition? A Changing Ecosystem across Age, Environment, Diet, and Diseases. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7010014"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.42.1.2","article-title":"Ecological control of the gastrointestinal tract. The role of probiotic flora","volume":"42","author":"Bengmark","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160510","article-title":"Introduction to the human gut microbiota","volume":"474","author":"Thursby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09944","article-title":"Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome","volume":"473","author":"Arumugam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2509-x","article-title":"Mechanisms and consequences of intestinal dysbiosis","volume":"74","author":"Weiss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci. CMLS"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2016.02.001","article-title":"Dysbiosis in gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"30","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"31","article-title":"Neutral Theory of Species Diversity","volume":"1","author":"Harpole","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Educ. Knowl."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wacklin, P., M\u00e4kivuokko, H., Alakulppi, N., Nikkil\u00e4, J., Tenkanen, H., R\u00e4bin\u00e4, J., Partanen, J., Aranko, K., and M\u00e4tt\u00f6, J. (2011). Secretor genotype (FUT2 gene) is strongly associated with the composition of Bifidobacteria in the human intestine. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020113"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/tan.12016","article-title":"Association study of FUT2 (rs601338) with celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease in the Finnish population","volume":"80","author":"Parmar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"218","article-title":"Microbiome 101: Studying, Analyzing, and Interpreting Gut Microbiome Data for Clinicians","volume":"17","author":"Allaband","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Off. Clin. Pract. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"(2017). Current Methods for Studying the Human Microbiome. Environmental Chemicals, the Human Microbiome, and Health Risk: A Research Strategy, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-017-0072-8","article-title":"Enterotypes in the landscape of gut microbial community composition","volume":"3","author":"Costea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.01.001","article-title":"Extensive Unexplored Human Microbiome Diversity Revealed by Over 150,000 Genomes from Metagenomes Spanning Age, Geography, and Lifestyle","volume":"176","author":"Pasolli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.08.018","article-title":"The Prevotella copri Complex Comprises Four Distinct Clades Underrepresented in Westernized Populations","volume":"26","author":"Tett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00349","article-title":"Diet, Microbiota, and Gut Permeability-The Unknown Triad in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"5","author":"Guerreiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-018-0483-8","article-title":"Microbiota dysbiosis and barrier dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancers: Exploring a common ground hypothesis","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.02.005","article-title":"The treatment-naive microbiome in new-onset Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Gevers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20330","article-title":"Active Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis can be specifically diagnosed and monitored based on the biostructure of the fecal flora","volume":"14","author":"Swidsinski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1080\/003655202320378220","article-title":"Mucosal and invading bacteria in patients with inflammatory bowel disease compared with controls","volume":"37","author":"Kleessen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47410-0","article-title":"Imbalance in the composition of the duodenal microbiota of children with coeliac disease","volume":"56","author":"Nadal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"150","article-title":"Role of the Microbiome in Celiac Disease","volume":"2","author":"Sziksz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Celiac Dis."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07379.x","article-title":"High prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in celiac patients with persistence of gastrointestinal symptoms after gluten withdrawal","volume":"98","author":"Tursi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-013-5405-9","article-title":"Bifidobacteria: Their impact on gut microbiota composition and their applications as probiotics in infants","volume":"98","author":"Aloisio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s13213-013-0780-0","article-title":"Celiac disease microbiota and its applications","volume":"64","author":"Lupan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2008.061366","article-title":"Specific duodenal and faecal bacterial groups associated with paediatric coeliac disease","volume":"62","author":"Collado","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Losurdo, G., Principi, M., Iannone, A., Ierardi, E., and Di Leo, A. (2015, January 13\u201315). The Interaction Between Celiac Disease and Intestinal Microbiota. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2016, 50 (Suppl. S2). Proceedings of the 8th Probiotics, Prebiotics & New Foods for Microbiota and Human Health Meeting, Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000682"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.95","article-title":"Metagenomics Reveals Dysbiosis and a Potentially Pathogenic N. flavescens Strain in Duodenum of Adult Celiac Patients","volume":"111","author":"Casaburi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Palma, G., Capilla, A., Nova, E., Castillejo, G., Varea, V., Pozo, T., Garrote, J.A., Polanco, I., Lopez, A., and Ribes-Koninckx, C. (2012). Influence of Milk-Feeding Type and Genetic Risk of Developing Coeliac Disease on Intestinal Microbiota of Infants: The PROFICEL Study. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030791"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4540","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5114540","article-title":"Lectin staining shows no evidence of involvement of glycocalyx\/mucous layer carbohydrate structures in development of celiac disease","volume":"5","author":"Nielsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509371767","article-title":"Effects of a gluten-free diet on gut microbiota and immune function in healthy adult human subjects","volume":"102","author":"Nadal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v5.i3.213","article-title":"Escherichia coli in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases: An update on adherent invasive Escherichia coli pathogenicity","volume":"5","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Pathophysiol."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"61","article-title":"Mucosal flora in Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis\u2014An overview","volume":"60","author":"Swidsinski","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol. Off. J. Pol. Physiol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4630","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07019-x","article-title":"A low-gluten diet induces changes in the intestinal microbiome of healthy Danish adults","volume":"9","author":"Hansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2011.02533.x","article-title":"Arabinoxylans and inulin differentially modulate the mucosal and luminal gut microbiota and mucin-degradation in humanized rats","volume":"13","author":"Gerard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20944","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020944","article-title":"Prebiotic effects of wheat arabinoxylan related to the increase in bifidobacteria, Roseburia and Bacteroides\/Prevotella in diet-induced obese mice","volume":"6","author":"Neyrinck","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4589","DOI":"10.1021\/jf070293g","article-title":"In vitro fermentation by human fecal microflora of wheat arabinoxylans","volume":"55","author":"Hughes","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7915.2008.00064.x","article-title":"Arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides (AXOS) affect the protein\/carbohydrate fermentation balance and microbial population dynamics of the Simulator of Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem","volume":"2","author":"Sanchez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1006\/jcrs.2001.0392","article-title":"Water-extractable Arabinoxylan from Pearled Flours of Wheat, Barley, Rye and Triticale. Evidence for the Presence of Ferulic Acid Dimers and their Involvement in Gel Formation","volume":"34","author":"Rimsten","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cereal Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201100377","article-title":"Prebiotic effects and intestinal fermentation of cereal arabinoxylans and arabinoxylan oligosaccharides in rats depend strongly on their structural properties and joint presence","volume":"55","author":"Damen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0295-y","article-title":"The influence of a short-term gluten-free diet on the human gut microbiome","volume":"8","author":"Bonder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3617","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI75436","article-title":"Pediatric Crohn disease patients exhibit specific ileal transcriptome and microbiome signature","volume":"124","author":"Haberman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3607-y","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome Compared with Healthy Controls Using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction: An Evidence of Dysbiosis","volume":"60","author":"Shukla","year":"2015","journal-title":"DIG Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, D.W., Park, J.G., Ilhan, Z.E., Wallstrom, G., Labaer, J., Adams, J.B., and Krajmalnik-Brown, R. (2013). Reduced incidence of Prevotella and other fermenters in intestinal microflora of autistic children. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068322"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.4","article-title":"Ruminococcus bromii is a keystone species for the degradation of resistant starch in the human colon","volume":"6","author":"Ze","year":"2012","journal-title":"Isme J."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.03.006","article-title":"Function of the microbiota","volume":"27","year":"2013","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjv147","article-title":"Altered Fecal Microbiota in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"9","author":"Maukonen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W., Liu, F., Ling, Z., Tong, X., and Xiang, C. (2012). Human intestinal lumen and mucosa-associated microbiota in patients with colorectal cancer. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039743"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-306931","article-title":"The HLA-DQ2 genotype selects for early intestinal microbiota composition in infants at high risk of developing coeliac disease","volume":"64","author":"Olivares","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-28032014000200013","article-title":"Lower bifidobacteria counts in adult patients with celiac disease on a gluten-free diet","volume":"51","author":"Golfetto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arq. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2001.111237","article-title":"Distinct patterns of neonatal gut microflora in infants in whom atopy was and was not developing","volume":"107","author":"Kirjavainen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.355","article-title":"Altered duodenal microbiota composition in celiac disease patients suffering from persistent symptoms on a long-term gluten-free diet","volume":"109","author":"Wacklin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2012.03.025","article-title":"Differences in faecal bacteria populations and faecal bacteria metabolism in healthy adults and celiac disease patients","volume":"94","author":"Nistal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21830","article-title":"Differences of small intestinal bacteria populations in adults and children with\/without celiac disease: Effect of age, gluten diet, and disease","volume":"18","author":"Nistal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S1075-9964(03)00060-X","article-title":"The micro-flora of the small bowel in health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Sullivan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"768","article-title":"Microbial Inhabitants of Humans: Their Ecology and Role in Health and Disease:Microbial Inhabitants of Humans: Their Ecology and Role in Health and Disease","volume":"41","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0405-7","article-title":"Metagenomic analysis of colorectal cancer datasets identifies cross-cohort microbial diagnostic signatures and a link with choline degradation","volume":"25","author":"Thomas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515002767","article-title":"Differences in gluten metabolism among healthy volunteers, coeliac disease patients and first-degree relatives","volume":"114","author":"Caminero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.167296","article-title":"Is it true that coeliacs do not digest gliadin? Degradation pattern of gliadin in coeliac disease small intestinal mucosa","volume":"58","author":"Bernardo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00164","article-title":"Comparison of Small Gut and Whole Gut Microbiota of First-Degree Relatives With Adult Celiac Disease Patients and Controls","volume":"10","author":"Bodkhe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Mazcorro, J.F., Rivera-Gutierrez, X., Cobos-Quevedo, O.J., Grube-Pagola, P., Meixueiro-Daza, A., Hernandez-Flores, K., Cabrera-Jorge, F.J., Vivanco-Cid, H., Dowd, S.E., and Remes-Troche, J.M. (2018). First Insights into the Gut Microbiota of Mexican Patients with Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111641"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tjellstr\u00f6m, B., H\u00f6gberg, L., Stenhammar, L., F\u00e4lth-Magnusson, K., Magnusson, K.-E., Norin, E., Sundqvist, T., and Midtvedt, T. (2013). Faecal short-chain fatty acid pattern in childhood coeliac disease is normalised after more than one year\u2019s gluten-free diet. Microb. Ecol. Health Dis., 24.","DOI":"10.3402\/mehd.v24i0.20905"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00269.x","article-title":"Pseudomonas genomes: Diverse and adaptable","volume":"35","author":"Silby","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00020","article-title":"Microbiota disbiosis is associated with colorectal cancer","volume":"6","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.97","article-title":"Identification of Pseudolysin (lasB) as an Aciduric Gluten-Degrading Enzyme with High Therapeutic Potential for Celiac Disease","volume":"110","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.03.059","article-title":"Increased prevalence and mortality in undiagnosed celiac disease","volume":"137","author":"Kyle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"596","article-title":"Increased Prevalence of Celiac Disease in School-age Children in Italy","volume":"18","author":"Gatti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Off. Clin. Pract. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haro, C., Villatoro, M., Vaquero, L., Pastor, J., Gimenez, M.J., Ozuna, C.V., Sanchez-Leon, S., Garcia-Molina, M.D., Segura, V., and Comino, I. (2018). The Dietary Intervention of Transgenic Low-Gliadin Wheat Bread in Patients with Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity (NCGS) Showed No Differences with Gluten Free Diet (GFD) but Provides Better Gut Microbiota Profile. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121964"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/6\/1832\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:40:57Z","timestamp":1760175657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/6\/1832"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12061832"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12061832","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]]}}}