{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T20:33:48Z","timestamp":1771014828831,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,27]],"date-time":"2020-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1 EY019077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1 EY019077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30EY014801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY014801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Unrestricted Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Unrestricted Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Flickering light increases metabolic demand in the inner retina. Flicker may exacerbate defective mitochondrial function in glaucoma, which will be reflected in the pattern electroretinogram (PERG), a sensitive test of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) function. We tested whether flicker altered the PERG of DBA\/2J (D2) glaucomatous mice and whether vitamin B3-rich diet contributed to the flicker effect. D2 mice fed with either standard chow (control, n = 10) or chow\/water enriched with nicotinamide (NAM, 2000 mg\/kg per day) (treated, n = 10) were monitored from 3 to 12 months. The PERG was recorded with superimposed flicker (F-PERG) at either 101 Hz (baseline) or 11 Hz (test), and baseline-test amplitude difference (adaptation) evaluated. At endpoint, flat-mounted retinas were immunostained (RBPMS and mito-tracker). F-PERG adaptation was 41% in 3-month-old D2 and decreased with age more in control D2 than in NAM-fed D2 (GEE, p &lt; 0.01). At the endpoint, F-PERG adaptation was 0% in control D2 and 17.5% in NAM-fed D2, together with higher RGC density (2.4\u00d7), larger RGC soma size (2\u00d7), and greater intensity of mitochondrial staining (3.75\u00d7). F-PERG adaptation may provide a non-invasive tool to assess RGC autoregulation in response to increased metabolic demand and test the effect of dietary\/pharmacological treatments on optic nerve disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]],"date-time":"2020-06-29T05:28:56Z","timestamp":1593408536000},"page":"1910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Nicotinamide-Rich Diet in DBA\/2J Mice Preserves Retinal Ganglion Cell Metabolic Function as Assessed by PERG Adaptation to Flicker"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1986-6088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsung-Han","family":"Chou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni Luca","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, CT 95124 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"Amato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Pisa, PI 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1592-3532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vittorio","family":"Porciatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.80.5.389","article-title":"Number of people with glaucoma worldwide","volume":"80","author":"Quigley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4170","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0289","article-title":"Pathophysiologic changes in the optic nerves of eyes with primary open angle and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma","volume":"46","author":"Gottanka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"73","article-title":"Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection in Glaucoma","volume":"89","author":"Gauthier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13336","article-title":"Neuroprotection in glaucoma: Recent advances and clinical translation","volume":"47","author":"Guymer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"4320408","article-title":"Neuroprotection in Glaucoma: Old and New Promising Treatments","volume":"2017","author":"Rusciano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523805225130","article-title":"Inherited glaucoma in DBA\/2J mice: Pertinent disease features for studying the neurodegeneration","volume":"22","author":"Libby","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.051508.135728","article-title":"Under Pressure: Cellular and Molecular Responses During Glaucoma, a Common Neurodegeneration with Axonopathy","volume":"35","author":"Nickells","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4564","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0483","article-title":"Longitudinal evaluation of retinal ganglion cell function and IOP in the DBA\/2J mouse model of glaucoma","volume":"48","author":"Saleh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-13943","article-title":"Robust mouse pattern electroretinograms derived simultaneously from each eye using a common snout electrode","volume":"55","author":"Chou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal0092","article-title":"Vitamin B3 modulates mitochondrial vulnerability and prevents glaucoma in aged mice","volume":"355","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000767","article-title":"Glaucoma as a Metabolic Optic Neuropathy: Making the Case for Nicotinamide Treatment in Glaucoma","volume":"26","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Locri, F., Cammalleri, M., Monte, M., Rusciano, D., and Bagnoli, P. (2019). Protective Efficacy of a Dietary Supplement Based on Forskolin, Homotaurine, Spearmint Extract, and Group B Vitamins in a Mouse Model of Optic Nerve Injury. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122931"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cammalleri, M., Monte, M., Amato, R., Bagnoli, P., and Rusciano, D. (2020). A Dietary Combination of Forskolin with Homotaurine, Spearmint and B Vitamins Protects Injured Retinal Ganglion Cells in a Rodent Model of Hypertensive Glaucoma. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041189"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2003.10.003","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction as a cause of optic neuropathies","volume":"23","author":"Carelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2012.09.002","article-title":"Maintenance of retinal ganglion cell mitochondrial functions as a neuroprotective strategy in glaucoma","volume":"13","author":"Osborne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.07.002","article-title":"Visually evoked hemodynamical response and assessment of neurovascular coupling in the optic nerve and retina","volume":"24","author":"Riva","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albanna, W., Kotliar, K., L\u00fcke, J.N., Alpdogan, S., Conzen, C., Lindauer, U., Clusmann, H., Hescheler, J., Vilser, W., and Schneider, T. (2018). Non-invasive evaluation of neurovascular coupling in the murine retina by dynamic retinal vessel analysis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204689"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18396","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54930-4","article-title":"Adaptation of retinal ganglion cell function during flickering light in the mouse","volume":"9","author":"Chou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.05.008","article-title":"Electrophysiological assessment of retinal ganglion cell function","volume":"141","author":"Porciatti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5587","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23836-y","article-title":"Longterm Reversal of Severe Visual Loss by Mitochondrial Gene Transfer in a Mouse Model of Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7407-8_6","article-title":"High-Throughput Binocular Pattern Electroretinograms in the Mouse","volume":"1695","author":"Chou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1126\/science.157.3784.92","article-title":"The (+) reference: Accuracy of estimated mean components in average response studies","volume":"157","author":"Schimmel","year":"1967","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.145","article-title":"Functional hyperemia and mechanisms of neurovascular coupling in the retinal vasculature","volume":"33","author":"Newman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/7\/1910\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:43:47Z","timestamp":1760175827000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/7\/1910"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,27]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12071910"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12071910","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,27]]}}}