{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:59:20Z","timestamp":1787029160899,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]],"date-time":"2020-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1191078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1191078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate is the main ketone body generated by the liver under starvation. Under these conditions, it can sustain ATP levels by its oxidation in mitochondria. As mitochondria can modify its shape and function under different nutritional challenges, we study the chronic effects of \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate supplementation on mitochondrial morphology and function, and its relation to exercise capacity. Male C57BL\/6 mice were supplemented with \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate mineral salt (3.2%) or control (CT, NaCl\/KCl) for six weeks and submitted to a weekly exercise performance test. We found an increase in distance, maximal speed, and time to exhaustion at two weeks of supplementation. Fatty acid metabolism and OXPHOS subunit proteins declined at two weeks in soleus but not in tibialis anterior muscles. Oxygen consumption rate on permeabilized fibers indicated a decrease in the presence of pyruvate in the short-term treatment. Both the tibialis anterior and soleus showed decreased levels of Mitofusin 2, while electron microscopy assessment revealed a significant reduction in mitochondrial cristae shape in the tibialis anterior, while a reduction in the mitochondrial number was observed only in soleus. These results suggest that short, but not long-term, \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate supplementation increases exercise capacity, associated with modifications in mitochondrial morphology and function in mouse skeletal muscle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]],"date-time":"2020-06-29T11:17:17Z","timestamp":1593429437000},"page":"1930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["\u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate Increases Exercise Capacity Associated with Changes in Mitochondrial Function in Skeletal Muscle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3163-3911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mat\u00edas","family":"Monsalves-Alvarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Nutrici\u00f3n y Actividad F\u00edsica (LABINAF), Instituto de Nutrici\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile"},{"name":"Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas y Farmac\u00e9uticas &amp; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1802-8135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo Esteban","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas y Farmac\u00e9uticas &amp; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Castro-Sepulveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Kinesiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7500000, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8330025, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7708-9002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Sepulveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Nutrici\u00f3n y Actividad F\u00edsica (LABINAF), Instituto de Nutrici\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Nutrici\u00f3n y Actividad F\u00edsica (LABINAF), Instituto de Nutrici\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Chiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas y Farmac\u00e9uticas &amp; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Eisner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8330025, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4258-1483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Lavandero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas y Farmac\u00e9uticas &amp; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile"},{"name":"Corporaci\u00f3n Centro de Estudios Cient\u00edficos de las Enfermedades Cr\u00f3nicas (CECEC), Santiago 7860201, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Troncoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Nutrici\u00f3n y Actividad F\u00edsica (LABINAF), Instituto de Nutrici\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile"},{"name":"Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas y Farmac\u00e9uticas &amp; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.12.022","article-title":"Multi-dimensional Roles of Ketone Bodies in Fuel Metabolism, Signaling, and Therapeutics","volume":"25","author":"Puchalska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1301\/nr.2003.oct.327-341","article-title":"Ketones: Metabolism\u2019s ugly duckling","volume":"61","author":"VanItallie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-7560(199911\/12)15:6<412::AID-DMRR72>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Ketone bodies: A review of physiology, pathophysiology and application of monitoring to diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Laffel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes\/Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071816-064916","article-title":"\u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate: A Signaling Metabolite","volume":"37","author":"Newman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.05.097","article-title":"\u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate elevation as a compensatory response against oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes","volume":"475","author":"Nagao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5192","article-title":"The ketone metabolite \u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate attenuates oxidative stress in spinal cord injury by suppression of class I histone deacetylases","volume":"34","author":"Kong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1227166","article-title":"Suppression of oxidative stress by \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate, an endogenous histone deacetylase inhibitor","volume":"339","author":"Hirschey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7677","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08055-1","article-title":"Beta-hydroxybutyrate, an endogenic NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, attenuates stress-induced behavioral and inflammatory responses","volume":"7","author":"Yamanashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7195760","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7195760","article-title":"Potential synergies of \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate and butyrate on the modulation of metabolism, inflammation, cognition, and general health","volume":"2018","author":"Cavaleri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.02.004","article-title":"\u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate deactivates neutrophil NLRP3 inflammasome to relieve gout flares","volume":"18","author":"Goldberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy170","article-title":"Effects of 3-hydroxybutyrate and free fatty acids on muscle protein kinetics and signaling during LPS-induced inflammation in humans: Anticatabolic impact of ketone bodies","volume":"108","author":"Thomsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ehy563-P3193","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy563.P3193","article-title":"P3193The ketone body 3-hydroxybutyrate increases cardiac output without affecting myocardial external efficiency","volume":"39","author":"Nielsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2018.11.027","article-title":"The effects of the ketone body \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate on isolated rat ventricular myocyte excitation-contraction coupling","volume":"662","author":"Klos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005066","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.005066","article-title":"Ketone Body Infusion With 3-Hydroxybutyrate Reduces Myocardial Glucose Uptake and Increases Blood Flow in Humans: A Positron Emission Tomography Study","volume":"6","author":"Gormsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-082018-124337","article-title":"Dietary Fuels in Athletic Performance","volume":"39","author":"Fritzen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2857","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273185","article-title":"Metabolism of ketone bodies during exercise and training: Physiological basis for exogenous supplementation","volume":"595","author":"Evans","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000542","article-title":"Effects of Ketone Bodies on Endurance Exercise","volume":"17","author":"Sansone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Sports Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-017-0184-4","article-title":"Oral \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate increases ketonemia, decreases visceral adipocyte volume and improves serum lipid profile in Wistar rats","volume":"14","author":"Komino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-016-0069-y","article-title":"Effects of exogenous ketone supplementation on blood ketone, glucose, triglyceride, and lipoprotein levels in Sprague\u2013Dawley rats","volume":"13","author":"Kesl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"lb383","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.30.1_supplement.lb383","article-title":"The Effects of Intermittent Ketogenic Dieting as well as Ketone Salt supplementation on Body Composition and Circulating Health Biomarkers in Exercising Rodents","volume":"30","author":"Kephart","year":"2016","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kephart, W.C., Mumford, P.W., Mao, X., Romero, M.A., Hyatt, H.W., Zhang, Y., Mobley, C.B., Quindry, J.C., Young, K.C., and Beck, D.T. (2017). The 1-Week and 8-Month Effects of a Ketogenic Diet or Ketone Salt Supplementation on Multi-Organ Markers of Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Function in Rats. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9091019"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4021","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201600773R","article-title":"Novel ketone diet enhances physical and cognitive performance","volume":"30","author":"Murray","year":"2016","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.07.010","article-title":"Nutritional Ketosis Alters Fuel Preference and Thereby Endurance Performance in Athletes","volume":"24","author":"Cox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-7648-3-17","article-title":"Acute nutritional ketosis: Implications for exercise performance and metabolism","volume":"3","author":"Cox","year":"2014","journal-title":"Extrem. Physiol. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2016-0641","article-title":"Nutritional ketone salts increase fat oxidation but impair high-intensity exercise performance in healthy adult males","volume":"42","author":"Durrer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03713.x","article-title":"Enzymes involved in ketone utilization in different types of muscle: Adaptation to exercise","volume":"47","author":"Winder","year":"1974","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1139\/y75-011","article-title":"Exercise-induced increase in the capacity of rat skeletal muscle to oxidize ketones","volume":"53","author":"Winder","year":"1975","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-143-37406","article-title":"Exercise-induced adaptive increase in rate of oxidation of beta-hydroxybutyrate by skeletal muscle","volume":"143","author":"Winder","year":"1973","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14614","article-title":"Mitochondrial reticulum for cellular energy distribution in muscle","volume":"523","author":"Glancy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.03.002","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dynamics in the Regulation of Nutrient Utilization and Energy Expenditure","volume":"17","author":"Liesa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601963","article-title":"Fission and selective fusion govern mitochondrial segregation and elimination by autophagy","volume":"27","author":"Twig","year":"2008","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10190","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1107402108","article-title":"Tubular network formation protects mitochondria from autophagosomal degradation during nutrient starvation","volume":"108","author":"Rambold","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.12.8.2245","article-title":"Dynamin-related protein Drp1 Is required for mitochondrial division in mammalian Cells","volume":"12","author":"Smirnova","year":"2001","journal-title":"MBoC"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2220","article-title":"During autophagy mitochondria elongate, are spared from degradation and sustain cell viability","volume":"13","author":"Gomes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201312066","article-title":"Mitochondrial fusion is frequent in skeletal muscle and supports excitation\u2013contraction coupling","volume":"205","author":"Eisner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201511036","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of mitochondrial dynamics","volume":"212","author":"Mishra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.09.027","article-title":"Mitochondrial dynamics is a distinguishing feature of skeletal muscle fiber types and regulates organellar compartmentalization","volume":"22","author":"Mishra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00109","article-title":"Diet impact on mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics","volume":"6","author":"Putti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bnaa005","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa005","article-title":"Is Mitochondrial Dysfunction a Common Root of Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases?","volume":"41","author":"Krycer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2017.1421711","article-title":"Effect of acute ingestion of \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate salts on the response to graded exercise in trained cyclists","volume":"18","author":"Evans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2016.09.002","article-title":"Forced treadmill exercise can induce stress and increase neuronal damage in a mouse model of global cerebral ischemia","volume":"5","author":"Svensson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"158519","article-title":"Exercise regulates lipid droplet dynamics in normal and fatty liver","volume":"1864","author":"Quezada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1006","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00476.2004","article-title":"Strain-dependent differences in responses to exercise training in inbred and hybrid mice","volume":"288","author":"Massett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCosh, R.B., Kreisman, M.J., and Breen, K.M. (2018). Frequent Tail-tip Blood Sampling in Mice for the Assessment of Pulsatile Luteinizing Hormone Secretion. J. Vis. Exp., e57894.","DOI":"10.3791\/57894"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy033","article-title":"A novel mechanism causing imbalance of mitochondrial fusion and fission in human myopathies","volume":"27","author":"Bartsakoulia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101358","article-title":"Muscle function decline and mitochondria changes in middle age precede sarcopenia in mice","volume":"10","author":"Campos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201696179","article-title":"OPA1 deficiency promotes secretion of FGF21 from muscle that prevents obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"36","author":"Pereira","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.9.e45","article-title":"A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT\u2013PCR","volume":"29","author":"Pfaffl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"research0034.1","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2002-3-7-research0034","article-title":"Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes","volume":"3","author":"Vandesompele","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.4081\/ejh.2014.2254","article-title":"A Simplified Immunohistochemical Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibres in Mouse","volume":"58","author":"Kammoun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Histochem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zierath, J.R., and Hawley, J.A. (2004). Skeletal Muscle Fiber Type: Influence on Contractile and Metabolic Properties. PLoS Biol., 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020348"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2014.08.013","article-title":"Two weeks of one-leg immobilization decreases skeletal muscle respiratory capacity equally in young and elderly men","volume":"58","author":"Gram","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E672","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00043.2007","article-title":"The effect of training on the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis- and apoptosis-related proteins in skeletal muscle of patients with mtDNA defects","volume":"293","author":"Adhihetty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.08.032","article-title":"Mitochondrial cristae shape determines respiratory chain supercomplexes assembly and respiratory efficiency","volume":"155","author":"Cogliati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R974","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1988.255.6.R974","article-title":"Intracerebroventricular infusions of 3-OHB and insulin in a rat model of dietary obesity","volume":"255","author":"Arase","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"137","article-title":"Exogenous Ketone Supplements Reduce Anxiety-Related Behavior in Sprague-Dawley and Wistar Albino Glaxo\/Rijswijk Rats","volume":"9","author":"Ari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970.7","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.31.1_supplement.970.7","article-title":"Characterizing the metabolic effects of exogenous ketone supplementation\u2014An alternative or adjuvant to the ketogenic diet","volume":"31","author":"Poff","year":"2017","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00235","article-title":"Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonism Abolished the Anti-seizure Effects of Exogenous Ketone Supplementation in Wistar Albino Glaxo Rijswijk Rats","volume":"10","author":"Dobolyi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00848","article-title":"On the metabolism of exogenous ketones in humans","volume":"8","author":"Stubbs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(82)90030-3","article-title":"On the lack of formation of l-(+)-3-hydroxybutyrate by liver","volume":"214","author":"Scofield","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.07.013","article-title":"Stereoselective effects of 3-hydroxybutyrate on glucose utilization of rat cardiomyocytes","volume":"78","author":"Tsai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.12.029","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity contributes to protection of ketone bodies against oxidative damage induced during hypoglycemic conditions","volume":"211","author":"Haces","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.08.004","article-title":"Ketogenic diet reduces midlife mortality and improves memory in aging mice","volume":"26","author":"Newman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.08.005","article-title":"A ketogenic diet extends longevity and healthspan in adult mice","volume":"26","author":"Roberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.08.021","article-title":"Fueling Performance: Ketones enter the Mix","volume":"24","author":"Egan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2007.04635.x","article-title":"Maximal Lactate Steady State in Running Mice: Effect of Exercise Training","volume":"34","author":"Ferreira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, S., Huang, Q., Tominaga, T., Liu, C., and Suzuki, K. (2018). An 8-Week Ketogenic Diet Alternated Interleukin-6, Ketolytic and Lipolytic Gene Expression, and Enhanced Exercise Capacity in Mice. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060673"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2015.22","article-title":"Fatty acid oxidation flux predicts the clinical severity of VLCAD deficiency","volume":"17","author":"Diekman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genet. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2008.06.002","article-title":"Short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency: An examination of the medical and neurodevelopmental characteristics of 14 cases identified through newborn screening or clinical symptoms","volume":"95","author":"Waisbren","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2017.01.003","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dynamics: Coupling Mitochondrial Fitness with Healthy Aging","volume":"23","author":"Zorzano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12699","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12699","article-title":"Ketone body 3-hydroxybutyrate mimics calorie restriction via the Nrf2 activator, fumarate, in the retina","volume":"17","author":"Izuta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0065-2571(70)90028-2","article-title":"Rate control of the tricarboxylic acid cycle","volume":"8","author":"Krebs","year":"1970","journal-title":"Adv. Enzym. Regul."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6017","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.263079","article-title":"Altered skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis but improved endurance capacity in trained OPA1-deficient mice","volume":"591","author":"Caffin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2010.05.030","article-title":"Acute oxidative stress and systemic Nrf2 activation by the ketogenic diet","volume":"40","author":"Milder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31257","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M706129200","article-title":"Induction of Endogenous Uncoupling Protein 3 Suppresses Mitochondrial Oxidant Emission during Fatty Acid-supported Respiration","volume":"282","author":"Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/7\/1930\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:44:38Z","timestamp":1760175878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/7\/1930"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12071930"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12071930","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]]}}}