{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T02:32:59Z","timestamp":1780108379283,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]],"date-time":"2020-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity and overweight are both public health problems, affecting increasingly younger populations. Promoting healthy eating should be a must in schools. Therefore, getting to know the eating habits of a population group as sensitive as adolescents and whether their schools apply an appropriate policy for their nutrition should be a priority. Therefore, the objective of this study was to discover whether the Secondary Education High Schools of Huelva and its province could be considered as centres that promote a healthy diet. A cross-sectional descriptive study was developed using a questionnaire comprising 39 indicators that were evaluated on 5 previously piloted subcategories of validated information. Data were obtained through a questionnaire presented to 200 key informants with four different profiles. The highest score for promoting healthy eating in the centres was related to the subcategory \u201cSchool Curriculum\u201d, whereas the lowest means were those related to the Community category. No practical activities such as outings or cooking workshops were carried out. The low participation in activities promoting healthy eating habits, research and health training must be highlighted. Little attention was paid to compliance and monitoring of school cafeterias. Most of the studied Secondary Education High Schools did not meet the requisites to be considered promoters of healthy eating habits. Only three of the studied centres can be considered healthy-eating promoters. Institutional commitment is needed to favour the intersectorality of the different agents implied and to provide teaching units and other teaching profiles with the necessary resources, training, and tools to achieve integral and protective teaching activities aimed at promoting students\u2019 healthy eating habits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T03:19:27Z","timestamp":1594005567000},"page":"1979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Promotion of Healthy Eating in Spanish High Schools"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Almudena","family":"Garrido-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisca Mar\u00eda","family":"Garc\u00eda-Padilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9053-7730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"G\u00f3mez-Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Social Work and Public Health, Faculty of Labour Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain"},{"name":"Safety and Health Postgraduate Programme, Universidad Esp\u00edritu Santo, Guayaquil 092301, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6207-8490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Diego","family":"Ramos-Pichardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngela Mar\u00eda","family":"Ortega-Gal\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"117","article-title":"La mejora de los h\u00e1bitos de desayuno y merienda escolar a trav\u00e9s de una doble intervenci\u00f3n escuela familia","volume":"21","year":"2019","journal-title":"REID Revista Electr\u00f3nica de Investigaci\u00f3n y Docencia"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"68","article-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Interventions for preventing obesity in children (Review)","volume":"94","author":"Waters","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.23913\/rics.v5i10.41","article-title":"Impacto de un programa de promoci\u00f3n de alimentaci\u00f3n saludable en el IMC y en los h\u00e1bitos de alimentaci\u00f3n en alumnos de educaci\u00f3n secundaria (Impact of a programme for the promotion of healthy eating in the BMI and students in secondary education in eating habits)","volume":"5","year":"2016","journal-title":"RICS Revista Iberoamericana de las Ciencias de la Salud"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"121","article-title":"Study and promotion of healthy eating habits and physical activity among Spanish adolescents: TAS program (you and Alicia for health)","volume":"35","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recesp.2012.10.016","article-title":"Prevalencia de obesidad infantil y juvenil en Espa\u00f1a","volume":"66","year":"2013","journal-title":"Revista Espa\u00f1ola de Cardiolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rathi, N., Riddell, L.J., and Worsley, A. (2018). Urban Indian adolescents practise unhealthy dietary behaviours. Br. Food J., 120.","DOI":"10.1108\/BFJ-09-2017-0510"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"OMS (WHO) (2020, June 18). Estrategia Mundial Sobre R\u00e9gimen Alimentario, Actividad f\u00edsica y Salud. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/dietphysicalactivity\/childhood\/es\/."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"WHO (2020, July 02). Obesity and Overweight. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs311\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"OMS (WHO) (2020, June 18). Alimentaci\u00f3n sana. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs394\/es\/."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaceta.2016.06.004","article-title":"Promoci\u00f3n de la salud basada en activos: \u00bfc\u00f3mo trabajar con esta perspectiva en intervenciones locales?","volume":"30","author":"Cofino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gac. Sanit."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"63","article-title":"\u00bfC\u00f3mo mejorar el desayuno de los escolares de educaci\u00f3n primaria?","volume":"71","author":"Banet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Revista de Investigaci\u00f3n en la Escuela"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"534","article-title":"Efectos de los programas escolares de promoci\u00f3n de actividad f\u00edsica y alimentaci\u00f3n en adolescentes espa\u00f1oles: Revisi\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica","volume":"32","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Hos."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.07.018","article-title":"What influences urban Indian secondary school students\u2019 food consumption? A qualitative study","volume":"105","author":"Rathi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garrido-Fern\u00e1ndez, A., Garc\u00eda-Padilla, F.M., S\u00e1nchez-Ramos, J.L., G\u00f3mez-Salgado, J., Trav\u00e9-Gonz\u00e1lez, G.H., and Sosa-Cordob\u00e9s, E. (2020). Food consumed by High School Students during the School Day. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020485"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"26","article-title":"Influencia de un programa de educaci\u00f3n nutricional en la modificaci\u00f3n del desayuno en un grupo de adolescentes","volume":"30","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrici\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica y Diet\u00e9tica Hospitalaria"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.184","article-title":"Skipping breakfast in early childhood and its associations with maternal and child BMI: A study of 2\u20135-year-old Australian children","volume":"70","author":"Alsharairi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"216","article-title":"Obesidad infantil: Nuevos h\u00e1bitos alimentarios y nuevos riesgos para la salud. An\u00e1lisis de sus causas","volume":"Volume 24","author":"Aranceta","year":"2008","journal-title":"D\u00edaz, C. and G\u00f3mez, C. (Coord.): Alimentaci\u00f3n, consumo y salud. Colecci\u00f3n Estudios Sociales"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"151","article-title":"Desayuno y funciones cognitivas en la infancia y la adolescencia. Una revisi\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica","volume":"17","year":"2011","journal-title":"RENC Revista Espa\u00f1ola Nutrici\u00f3n Comunitaria"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Serra, L., and Aranceta, J. (2004). Nutrici\u00f3n infantil y juvenil. Estudio enKid, Masson."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.010256","article-title":"The effects of breakfast and breakfast composition on cognition in children and adolescents: A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Adolphus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Serra, L., and Aranceta, J. (2004). Desayuno y equilibrio alimentario. Estudio enKid, Masson."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4321\/S1137-66272014000100006","article-title":"La alimentaci\u00f3n en el adolescente","volume":"37","year":"2014","journal-title":"An. Sist. Sanit. Navar."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Rivero-Urgell, L.A., Moreno, J., Dalmau, J.M., Moreno, A., Aliaga, A., and Garc\u00eda-Perea, J.M. (2015). El entorno escolar. El libro blanco de la alimentaci\u00f3n escolar, Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1108\/HE-04-2016-0017","article-title":"Food and nutrition education in private Indian secondary schools","volume":"117","author":"Rathi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Educ."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"50","article-title":"Parents\u2019 and teachers\u2019 critique of nutrition education in Indian secondary schools","volume":"119","author":"Rathi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Educ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/2574254X.2020.1753472","article-title":"Perceptions of eating and food preparation behaviours for urban private school students in India","volume":"3","author":"Rathi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Obes."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"271","article-title":"Cafeteria services and promoting health in the school environment","volume":"49","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aten Primaria"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1853","article-title":"Project ANDALIES: Consumption, supply and promotion of healthy eating in the secondary education centres of Andalusia","volume":"31","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rathi, N., Riddell, L.J., and Worsley, A. (2018). Parents\u2019 and Teachers\u2019 Views of Food Environments and Policies in Indian Private Secondary Schools. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071532"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"171","article-title":"La educaci\u00f3n nutricional a partir del trabajo por proyectos en Educaci\u00f3n Primaria","volume":"38","year":"2020","journal-title":"Revista Did\u00e1ctica de las Ciencias Experimentales y Sociales."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langford, R., Campbell, R., Magnus, D., Bonell, C.P., Murphy, S.M., Waters, E., and Gibbs, L.F. (2014). The WHO Health Promoting School framework for improving the health and well-being of students and staff. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 16.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008958.pub2"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.3778","article-title":"Effect of a school-based water intervention on child body mass index and obesity","volume":"170","author":"Schwartz","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.5209\/RCED.51536","article-title":"La Educaci\u00f3n para la Salud en la formaci\u00f3n de maestros desde el Espacio Europeo de Educaci\u00f3n Superior","volume":"28","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Complut. Educ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2014.06.011","article-title":"Exploring Nutrition Education Resources and Barriers, and Nutrition Knowledge in Teachers in California","volume":"47","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-731320170030010","article-title":"Professores da rede municipal de ensino e o conhecimento sobre o papel da escola na forma\u00e7\u00e3o dos h\u00e1bitos alimentares dos escolares","volume":"23","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc. educ. (Bauru)"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"443","article-title":"Eating habits, physical activity and hours of sleep in school children: A diagnostic study in Primary Education","volume":"36","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educ. Siglo XXI."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"145","article-title":"Las Gu\u00edas Alimentarias como material did\u00e1ctico en la formaci\u00f3n de Maestros: An\u00e1lisis y aplicaci\u00f3n","volume":"28","year":"2017","journal-title":"Revista Complutense de Educaci\u00f3n"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Black, A.P., D\u2019Onise, K., McDermott, R., Vally, H., and O\u2019Dea, K. (2017). How effective are family-based and institutional nutrition interventions in improving children\u2019s diet and health? A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4795-5"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"145","article-title":"La promoci\u00f3n de la alimentaci\u00f3n saludable en Educaci\u00f3n Secundaria: Consenso sobre indicadores de valoraci\u00f3n (Promoting healthy eating in Secondary Education: Consensus on assessment indicators)","volume":"18","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Nutr. Comunitaria"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"BOE 194 (2020, June 18). Ley Org\u00e1nica 3\/2018, de 5 de diciembre, de Protecci\u00f3n de Datos Personales y garant\u00eda de los derechos digitales. Available online: https:\/\/boe.es\/buscar\/act.php?id=BOE-A-2018-16673."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Mundial, A.M. (2020, June 18). Declaraci\u00f3n de Helsinki de la AMM-Principios \u00e9ticos para las investigaciones m\u00e9dicas en seres humanos-WMA-The World Medical Association. Available online: https:\/\/www.wma.net\/es\/policies-post\/declaracion-de-helsinki-de-la-amm-principios-eticos-para-las-investigaciones-medicas-en-seres-humanos\/."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"BOE 295 (2020, June 18). Ley Org\u00e1nica 8\/2013, de 9 de diciembre, para la mejora de la calidad educativa (LOMCE). Available online: https:\/\/www.boe.es\/buscar\/pdf\/2013\/BOE-A-2013-12886-consolidado.pdf."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1108\/BFJ-05-2017-0275","article-title":"The role of Indian school canteens in nutrition promotion","volume":"120","author":"Rathi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. Food J."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"BOE 160 (2020, June 18). Ley 17\/2011, de 5 de julio, de seguridad alimentaria y nutrici\u00f3n. Available online: https:\/\/www.boe.es\/diario_boe\/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2011-11604."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"BOJA 139 (2020, June 18). Decreto 327\/2010, de 13 de julio, por el que se aprueba el Reglamento Org\u00e1nico de los Institutos de Educaci\u00f3n Secundaria. Available online: https:\/\/www.juntadeandalucia.es\/boja\/2010\/139\/2."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3945\/an.111.000315","article-title":"Dietary Education in School-Based Childhood Obesity Prevention Programs","volume":"2","author":"Sharma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509993370","article-title":"Effectiveness of school-based interventions in Europe to promote healthy nutrition in children and adolescents: Systematic review of published and \u2019grey\u2019 literature","volume":"103","author":"Maes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garrido-Fern\u00e1ndez, A., Garc\u00eda-Padilla, F.M., S\u00e1nchez-Ramos, J.L., G\u00f3mez-Salgado, J., and Sosa-Cordob\u00e9s, E. (2020). The Family as an Actor in High School Students\u2019 Eating Habits: A Qualitative Research Study. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9040419"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-1849-1","article-title":"Project Energize: Intervention development and 10 years of progress in preventing childhood obesity","volume":"9","author":"Rush","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"e201911063","article-title":"Escalas de Apoyo Social para los H\u00e1bitos Alimentarios y para el Ejercicio: Propiedades Psicom\u00e9tricas","volume":"93","author":"Caballo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Espa\u00f1ola Salud P\u00fablica"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/7\/1979\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:46:56Z","timestamp":1760176016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/7\/1979"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12071979"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12071979","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]]}}}