{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:48:52Z","timestamp":1791877732036,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin C is an essential nutrient that must be obtained through the diet in adequate amounts to prevent hypovitaminosis C, deficiency and its consequences\u2014including the potentially fatal deficiency disease scurvy. Global vitamin C status and prevalence of deficiency has not previously been reported, despite vitamin C\u2019s pleiotropic roles in both non-communicable and communicable disease. This review highlights the global literature on vitamin C status and the prevalence of hypovitaminosis C and deficiency. Related dietary intake is reported if assessed in the studies. Overall, the review illustrates the shortage of high quality epidemiological studies of vitamin C status in many countries, particularly low- and middle-income countries. The available evidence indicates that vitamin C hypovitaminosis and deficiency is common in low- and middle-income countries and not uncommon in high income settings. Further epidemiological studies are required to confirm these findings, to fully assess the extent of global vitamin C insufficiency, and to understand associations with a range of disease processes. Our findings suggest a need for interventions to prevent deficiency in a range of at risk groups and regions of the world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T11:07:42Z","timestamp":1594033662000},"page":"2008","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":206,"title":["Global Vitamin C Status and Prevalence of Deficiency: A Cause for Concern?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sam","family":"Rowe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L35QA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5890-2977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anitra C.","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition in Medicine Research Group, Department of Pathology &amp; Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/69.6.1086","article-title":"Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans","volume":"69","author":"Carr","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. 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