{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T14:59:02Z","timestamp":1772117942259,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,11]],"date-time":"2020-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004339","name":"Sanofi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["not applicable"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004339","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the high estimated prevalence of magnesium deficiency, there is a need for a rapid, non-invasive assessment tool that could be used by patients and clinicians to confirm suspected hypomagnesemia and substantiate laboratory testing. This study analyzed data from four large observational studies of hypomagnesemia in pregnant women and women with hormone-related conditions across Russia. Hypomagnesemia was assessed using a 62-item magnesium deficiency questionnaire (MDQ-62) and a serum test. The diagnostic utility (sensitivity\/specificity) of MDQ-62 was analyzed using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). A logistic regression model was applied to develop a shorter, optimized version of MDQ-62. A total of 765 pregnant women and 8836 women with hormone-related conditions were included in the analysis. The diagnostic performance of MDQ-62 was \u201cfair\u201d (AUROC = 0.7\u22120.8) for women with hormone-related conditions and \u201cpoor\u201d for pregnant women (AUROC = 0.6\u22120.7). The optimized MDQ-23 (23 questions) and MDQ-10 (10 questions) had similar AUROC values; for all versions of the questionnaire, there was a significant negative correlation between score and changes in total serum magnesium levels (p &lt; 0.0001 for all comparisons; correlation coefficients ranged from \u22120.1667 to \u22120.2716). This analysis confirmed the value of MDQ in identifying women at risk of hypomagnesemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T04:46:01Z","timestamp":1594701961000},"page":"2062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Magnesium Deficiency Questionnaire: A New Non-Invasive Magnesium Deficiency Screening Tool Developed Using Real-World Data from Four Observational Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Orlova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics and Clinical Nutritiology of Continuing Medical Education, Medical Institute, RUDN University, 119571 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Galina","family":"Dikke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology with a Course of Reproductive Medicine, The Academy of Medical Education F.I. Inozemtsev, 190013 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gisele","family":"Pickering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital and Inserm 1107 Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology of Pain, Medical Faculty, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofya","family":"Konchits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Affairs, Sanofi, 125009 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6488-7980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirill","family":"Starostin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Affairs, Sanofi, 125009 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Bevz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Affairs, Sanofi, 125009 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Workinger, J.L., Doyle, R.P., and Bortz, J. (2018). Challenges in the diagnosis of magnesium status. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091202"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.012765","article-title":"Perspective: The case for an evidence-based reference interval for serum magnesium: The time has come","volume":"7","author":"Costello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"S194","article-title":"Assessment of magnesium status for diagnosis and therapy","volume":"23","author":"Elin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Norbert, W.T. (2009). Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests, Saunders, Elsevier. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1986.10720143","article-title":"Serum magnesium levels in the United States, 1971\u20131974","volume":"5","author":"Lowenstein","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. 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Public Health"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"111","article-title":"Evidence based emergency medicine; Part 5 receiver operating curve and area under the curve","volume":"4","author":"Safari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emergy (Tehran)"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2006.047670","article-title":"Micronutrients in health and disease","volume":"82","author":"Shenkin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Postgrad Med. J."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"579","article-title":"Know the signs and symptoms of diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/7\/2062\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:50:11Z","timestamp":1760176211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/7\/2062"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,11]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12072062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12072062","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,11]]}}}