{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T16:41:17Z","timestamp":1793292077213,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]],"date-time":"2020-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Disturbances in the gut\u2013brain barrier play an essential role in the development of mental disorders. There is considerable evidence showing that the gut microbiome not only affects digestive, metabolic and immune functions of the host but also regulates host sleep and mental states through the microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis. The present review summarizes the role of the gut microbiome in the context of circadian rhythms, nutrition and sleep in psychiatric disorders. Methods: A PubMed search (studies published between April 2015\u2013April 2020) was conducted with the keywords: \u201csleep, microbiome and psychiatry\u201d; \u201csleep, microbiome and depression\u201d; \u201csleep, microbiome and bipolar disorder\u201d, \u201csleep, microbiome and schizophrenia\u201d, \u201csleep, microbiome and anorexia nervosa\u201d, \u201csleep, microbiome and substance use disorder\u201d, \u201csleep, microbiome and anxiety\u201d; \u201cclock gene expression and microbiome\u201d, \u201cclock gene expression and nutrition\u201d. Only studies investigating the relationship between sleep and microbiome in psychiatric patients were included in the review. Results: Search results yielded two cross-sectional studies analyzing sleep and gut microbiome in 154 individuals with bipolar disorder and one interventional study analyzing the effect of fecal microbiota transplantation in 17 individuals with irritable bowel syndrome on sleep. In patients with bipolar disorder, Faecalibacterium was significantly associated with improved sleep quality scores and a significant correlation between Lactobacillus counts and sleep. Conclusion: Translational research on this important field is limited and further investigation of the bidirectional pathways on sleep and the gut microbiome in mood disorders is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]],"date-time":"2020-07-23T11:26:01Z","timestamp":1595503561000},"page":"2198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Sleep and Microbiome in Psychiatric Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jolana","family":"Wagner-Skacel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Psychology, Medical University of Graz (MUG), 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7716-3674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Dalkner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz (MUG), 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5034-6358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Moerkl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz (MUG), 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Kreuzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz (MUG), 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9606-3871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aitak","family":"Farzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otto Loewi Research Center (for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation), Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz (MUG), 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Lackner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otto Loewi Research Center (for Vascular Biology, Immunology andI), Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz (MUG), 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7372-8655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annamaria","family":"Painold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz (MUG), 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva Z.","family":"Reininghaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz (MUG), 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary I.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Bengesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz (MUG), 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2007.03.011","article-title":"Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation and Reconsolidation","volume":"8","author":"Stickgold","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2018.10.006","article-title":"Insomnia as a Predictor of Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"43","author":"Hertenstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med. 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