{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:56:20Z","timestamp":1790754980436,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]],"date-time":"2020-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The worldwide obesity epidemic is a major health problem driven by the modern food environment. Recently, it has been shown that smell perception plays a key role in eating behavior and is altered in obesity. However, the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon are not well understood yet. Since the olfactory system is closely linked to the endocrine system, we hypothesized that hormonal shifts in obesity might explain this relationship. In a within-subject, repeated-measures design, we investigated sensitivity to a food and a non-food odor in the hungry and sated state in 75 young healthy (26 normal weight, 25 overweight, and 24 obese) participants (37 women). To determine metabolic health status and hormonal reactivity in response to food intake, we assessed pre- and postprandial levels of insulin, leptin, glucose, and ghrelin. Odor sensitivity did not directly depend on body weight status\/body mass index (BMI) or hunger state. However, we could establish a strong negative mediating effect of insulin resistance on the relationship between BMI\/waist-hip ratio and olfactory sensitivity for the food odor. These findings indicate an impact of metabolic health status on sensitivity to food odors. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms behind altered smell perception in obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]],"date-time":"2020-07-24T09:06:09Z","timestamp":1595581569000},"page":"2201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Insulin Resistance Is Associated with Reduced Food Odor Sensitivity across a Wide Range of Body Weights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Poessel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, <email>wiencke@cbs.mpg.de<\/email> (K.W.)"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Leipzig University Medical Center, CRC 1052A5 \u2018Obesity Mechanisms\u2019, Liebigstr. 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9052-4497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Freiherr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, FAU Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, University Hospital, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Sensory Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Stra\u00dfe 35, 85354 Freising, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Wiencke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, <email>wiencke@cbs.mpg.de<\/email> (K.W.)"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Leipzig University Medical Center, CRC 1052A5 \u2018Obesity Mechanisms\u2019, Liebigstr. 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"International Max Planck Research School on the Neuroscience of Communication, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arno","family":"Villringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"International Max Planck Research School on the Neuroscience of Communication, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Mind Brain Body Institute, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Day Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital at the University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"International Max Planck Research School on the Life Course, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, 14195 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6184-8484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annette","family":"Horstmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, <email>wiencke@cbs.mpg.de<\/email> (K.W.)"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Leipzig University Medical Center, CRC 1052A5 \u2018Obesity Mechanisms\u2019, Liebigstr. 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-018-0160-1","article-title":"Trends in Obesity and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"5","author":"Lahey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. 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