{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T21:10:30Z","timestamp":1782681030350,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010751","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico, Tecnol\u00f3gico y de Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["137-2017-FONDECYT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["137-2017-FONDECYT"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cocoa contains bioactive components, which vary according to genetic and environmental factors. The present study aimed to ascertain the anti-allergic properties of native Peruvian cocoa populations (\u201cBlanco de Piura\u201d or BPC, \u201cAmazonas Peru\u201d or APC, \u201cCriollo de Monta\u00f1a\u201d or CMC, \u201cChuncho\u201d or CCC, and an ordinary cocoa or OC). To do so, after an initial in vitro approach, an in vivo study focused on the induction of an anaphylactic response associated with allergic asthma in Brown Norway rats was carried out. Based on their polyphenol content, antioxidant activity and in vitro effects, the APC and CMC were selected to be included in the in vivo study. Cocoa diets were tested in a model of allergic asthma in which anaphylactic response was assessed by changes in body temperature, motor activity and body weight. The concentration of specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), mast cell protease and leukotrienes was also quantified in serum and\/or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. CMC and OC populations exhibited a protective effect on the allergic asthma rat model as evidenced by means of a partial protection against anaphylactic response and, above all, in the synthesis of IgE and the release of mast cell protease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T03:16:46Z","timestamp":1596424606000},"page":"2301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Attenuating Effect of Peruvian Cocoa Populations on the Acute Asthmatic Response in Brown Norway Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"P\u00e9riz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3 de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca en Nutrici\u00f3 i Seguretat Aliment\u00e0ria (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6243-9164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"P\u00e9rez-Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3 de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca en Nutrici\u00f3 i Seguretat Aliment\u00e0ria (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9009-4690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trinitat","family":"Cambras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3 de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2362-1374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c0ngels","family":"Franch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3 de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca en Nutrici\u00f3 i Seguretat Aliment\u00e0ria (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6009-6575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Best","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa Cacao, Ingenier\u00eda Agroforestal, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur, Lima 15842, Peru"},{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Nutrici\u00f3n, Salud, Alimentos Funcionales y Nutrac\u00e9uticos, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima 15024, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7109-417X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Pastor-Soplin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa Cacao, Ingenier\u00eda Agroforestal, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur, Lima 15842, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5408-0593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Castell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3 de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca en Nutrici\u00f3 i Seguretat Aliment\u00e0ria (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5220-2793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mal\u00e9n","family":"Massot-Cladera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3 de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca en Nutrici\u00f3 i Seguretat Aliment\u00e0ria (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2003). Prevention of Allergy and Allergic Asthma, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33311-1","article-title":"Asthma","volume":"391","author":"Papi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.08.011","article-title":"Oxidative stress and cellular pathways of asthma and inflammation: Therapeutic strategies and pharmacological targets HHS Public Access","volume":"181","author":"Mishra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200507-070JS","article-title":"Cell-mediated Adaptive Immune Defense of the Lungs","volume":"2","author":"Curtis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"James","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40733-017-0032-3","article-title":"Asthma: Epidemiology of disease control in Latin America\u2014Short review","volume":"3","author":"Aranda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asthma Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.3109\/02770901003686480","article-title":"Regional variation in asthma symptom prevalence in Latin American children","volume":"47","author":"Mallol","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.2174\/13816128113199990041","article-title":"Flavonoids on Allergy","volume":"20","author":"Castell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahidi, F., and Ambigaipalan, P. (2015). Phenolics and polyphenolics in foods, beverages and spices: Antioxidant activity and health effects. J. Funct. Foods, 1\u201378.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.06.018"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pokorski, M. (2013). Polyphenols and their components in experimental allergic asthma. Respiratory Regulation\u2014The Molecular Approach, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-4549-0"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"223","article-title":"Antioxidants in asthma: Polyphenols","volume":"35","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Interna Mex."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051443","article-title":"Effect of Theobroma cacao flavonoids on immune activation of a lymphoid cell line","volume":"93","author":"Ramiro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8506","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0511042","article-title":"Flavonoids from Theobroma cacao down-regulate inflammatory mediators","volume":"53","author":"Ramiro","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508169896","article-title":"Cocoa: Antioxidant and immunomodulator","volume":"101","author":"Castell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"213","article-title":"Effect of a diet rich in cocoa flavonoids on experimental acute inflammation","volume":"Volume 6","author":"Keller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Flavonoids: Biosynthesis, Biological Effects and Dietary Sources"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451600074X","article-title":"Cocoa and cocoa fibre differentially modulate IgA and IgM production at mucosal sites","volume":"115","author":"Franch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cocoa Diet and Antibody Immune Response in Preclinical Studies","volume":"4","author":"Franch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2012.02.001","article-title":"A diet enriched with cocoa prevents IgE synthesis in a rat allergy model","volume":"65","author":"Castellote","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2015.09.022","article-title":"Effect of a cocoa-enriched diet on immune response and anaphylaxis in a food allergy model in Brown Norway rats","volume":"27","author":"Franch","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camps-Bossacoma, M., Abril-Gil, M., Salda\u00f1a-Ruiz, S., Franch, \u00c0., P\u00e9rez-Cano, F.J., and Castell, M. (2016). Cocoa diet prevents antibody synthesis and modifies lymph node composition and functionality in a rat oral sensitization model. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8040242"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Lagunas, M.J., Vicente, F., Pereira, P., Castell, M., and P\u00e9rez-Cano, F.J. (2019). Relationship between cocoa intake and healthy status: A pilot study in university students. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24040812"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9501","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b03448","article-title":"Diversity in Composition of Bioactive Compounds among 26 Cocoa Genotypes","volume":"67","author":"Febrianto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2012.686934","article-title":"The Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Cocoa Beans (Theobroma cacao L.), Depending on Variety, Growing Region, and Processing Operations: A Review","volume":"55","author":"Oracz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2016.01.013","article-title":"Multielemental fingerprinting and geographic traceability of Theobroma cacao beans and cocoa products","volume":"65","author":"Bertoldi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.05.072","article-title":"Influence of fermentation level and geographical origin on cocoa bean oligopeptide pattern","volume":"211","author":"Caligiani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.06.007","article-title":"Origin-based polyphenolic fingerprinting of Theobroma cacao in unfermented and fermented beans","volume":"99","author":"Grimbs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, E., van Zonneveld, M., Loo, J., Hodgkin, T., Galluzzi, G., and van Etten, J. (2012). Present Spatial Diversity Patterns of Theobroma cacao L. in the Neotropics Reflect Genetic Differentiation in Pleistocene Refugia Followed by Human-Influenced Dispersal. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047676"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0697-x","article-title":"The use and domestication of Theobroma cacao during the mid-Holocene in the upper Amazon","volume":"2","author":"Zarrillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2010). International Cocoa Agreement, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.21757\/0103-3816.2018v30n3p157-174","article-title":"Large genetic diversity for fine-flavor traits unveiled in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) with special attention to the native Chunco variety in Cusco, Peru","volume":"30","author":"Eskes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agrotr\u00f3pica (Itabuna)"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda Carri\u00f3n, L.F. (2010). Cat\u00e1logo de Cultivares de cacao del Per\u00fa."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Secretaria del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biol\u00f3gica (2011). Protocolo de Nagoya Sobre Acceso a los Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos y Participaci\u00f3n Justa y Equitativa en los Beneficios que se Deriven de su Utilizaci\u00f3n al Convenio Sobre la Diversidad Biol\u00f3gica, Secretar\u00eda del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biol\u00f3gica."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba9609","article-title":"Rethink the expansion of access and benefit sharing","volume":"367","author":"Laird","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2015.10.030","article-title":"An online NP-HPLC-DPPH method for the determination of the antioxidant activity of condensed polyphenols in cocoa","volume":"89","author":"Pedan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0176-1617(11)82181-4","article-title":"Prevention of Vitrification A\u00dfociated with in vitro Shoot Culture of Oregano. (Origanum vulgare) by Pseudomonas spp.","volume":"147","author":"Shetty","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1021\/jf062517l","article-title":"Effect of heat treatment on the phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of citrus peel extract","volume":"55","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0023-6438(95)80008-5","article-title":"Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity","volume":"28","author":"Cuvelier","year":"1995","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"255","article-title":"Total Phenolics and Total Flavonoids in Bulgarian Fruits and Vegetables","volume":"40","author":"Marinova","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Univ. Chem. Technol. Metall."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1093\/chromsci\/46.2.144","article-title":"Simultaneous HPLC determination of caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline in food, drinks, and herbal products","volume":"46","author":"Srdjenovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2012.05.009","article-title":"Cocoa intake attenuates oxidative stress associated with rat adjuvant arthritis","volume":"66","author":"Franch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abril-Gil, M., Garcia-Just, A., P\u00e9rez-Cano, F.J., Franch, \u00c0., and Castell, M. (2015). Development and characterization of an effective food allergy model in Brown Norway rats. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125314"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estruel-Amades, S., Massot-Cladera, M., Garcia-Cerd\u00e0, P., P\u00e9rez-Cano, F.J., Franch, \u00c0., Castell, M., and Camps-Bossacoma, M. (2019). Protective effect of hesperidin on the oxidative stress induced by an exhausting exercise in intensively trained rats. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040783"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.12.019","article-title":"Cellular responses to thermoresponsive stiffness memory elastomer nanohybrid scaffolds by 3D-TIPS","volume":"85","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4217","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27185","article-title":"Insulin promotes macrophage phenotype transition through PI3K\/Akt and PPAR-\u03b3 signaling during diabetic wound healing","volume":"234","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"110","article-title":"Effective treatment of adjuvant arthritis with a stimulatory CD28-specific monoclonal antibody","volume":"33","author":"Franch","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03430.x","article-title":"Spleen lymphocyte function modulated by a cocoa-enriched diet","volume":"149","author":"Castellote","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9riz, M., P\u00e9rez-cano, F.J., Rodr\u00edguez-lagunas, M.J., and Cambras, T. (2020). Development and characterization of an allergic asthma rat model for interventional studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21113841"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370215573393","article-title":"Motor activity as an unbiased variable to assess anaphylaxis in allergic rats","volume":"240","author":"Cambras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"604","article-title":"Why, when and how to adjust your P values?","volume":"20","author":"Jafari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071811-150642","article-title":"Cocoa and Human Health","volume":"33","author":"Ellam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9901","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b01064","article-title":"Cocoa, Blood Pressure, and Cardiovascular Health","volume":"63","author":"Ferri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2009.213","article-title":"Effect of Cocoa Products on blood pressure: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Desch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.02.011","article-title":"Chocolate and chocolate constituents influence bone health and osteoporosis risk","volume":"65","author":"Seem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cocoa polyphenols and their potential benefits for human health","volume":"2012","author":"Recio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"7","article-title":"Impacto de la fermentaci\u00f3n y secado sobre el contenido de polifenoles y capacidad antioxidante del clon de cacao CCN-51","volume":"29","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. ION Bucaramanga"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6293740","article-title":"Effect of Cocoa Polyphenolic Extract on Macrophage Polarization from Proinflammatory M1 to Anti-Inflammatory M2 State","volume":"2017","author":"Dugo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2007.07.002","article-title":"Intestinal immune system of young rats influenced by cocoa-enriched diet","volume":"19","author":"Castellote","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514003080","article-title":"Impact of cocoa polyphenol extracts on the immune system and microbiota in two strains of young rats","volume":"112","author":"Torres","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200700396","article-title":"Influence of a cocoa-enriched diet on specific immune response in ovalbumin-sensitized rats","volume":"53","author":"Castellote","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"621","article-title":"Phenotypic expression of mast cell granule proteinases. Distribution of mast cell proteinases I and II in the rat digestive system","volume":"62","author":"Gibson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s000110300021","article-title":"Luteolin alleviates bronchoconstriction and airway hyperreactivity in ovalbumin sensitized mice","volume":"52","author":"Das","year":"2003","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2009.03.018","article-title":"Apigenin protects ovalbumin-induced asthma through the regulation of GATA-3 gene","volume":"9","author":"Choi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5062128","article-title":"Flavonoids and asthma","volume":"5","author":"Tanaka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"283","article-title":"Clinical effects of apple polyphenols on persistent allergic rhinitis: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel arm study","volume":"16","author":"Enomoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-4679(93)90244-2","article-title":"Theophylline toxicity","volume":"11","author":"Cooling","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(96)70191-4","article-title":"Theophylline: Potential antiinflammatory effects in nocturnal asthma","volume":"97","author":"Kraft","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/8\/2301\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:53:16Z","timestamp":1760176396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/8\/2301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12082301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12082301","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]}}}