{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T15:01:47Z","timestamp":1780498907041,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015826","name":"Korean Society of Ginseng","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a common disorder resulting from increased osteoclastic activity. To determine the effect of Panax ginseng on postmenopausal osteoporosis, ovariectomized (OVX) mice were treated with 500 mg\/kg\/day P. ginseng extract (Pg) alone or in combination with hot water extract of Brassica oleracea (Bo) daily for 10 weeks, and the effect of the treatments on OVX-induced bone loss was examined. Bone weight, bone mineral density (BMD), osteoclast (OC) formation, OC marker expression, and biochemical parameters in blood were determined. OVX significantly increased body weight and decreased bone weight compared with those in the Sham group (p &lt; 0.01). Pg or Bo alone did not affect OVX-induced bone loss, but a combination of Pg and Bo (Pg:Bo) recovered bone weight. The bones of OVX mice showed lower BMD than that of Sham mice, and the Pg:Bo = 3:1 restored the decreased BMD. Single treatment with Pg or Bo did not alter OC formation; however, the Pg:Bo = 3:1 inhibited OC formation. In addition, Pg and Bo lowered the OVX-induced elevation in blood glucose level. Thus, we suggest that Pg in combination with proper materials, such as Bo, might be a potential candidate treatment with minimal side effects protect against postmenopausal osteoporosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T09:14:49Z","timestamp":1597223689000},"page":"2415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Effect of Co-Administration of Panax ginseng and Brassica oleracea on Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Ovariectomized Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"In Soon","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taiwo Samuel","family":"Agidigbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Min","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Gyu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rang Ie","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gyo","family":"In","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Fundamental Research, Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon 34128, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7891-8821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mi-Hyang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Fundamental Research, Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon 34128, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaekyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2019, June 10). International Osteoporosis Foundation. Available online: https:\/\/www.iofbonehealth.org\/facts-statistics."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"9","article-title":"Primary osteoporosis in postmenopausal women","volume":"1","author":"Ji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chronic Dis. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2011.03.002","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency is common and associated with metabolic risk factors in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.11.1246","article-title":"Calcium and vitamin D intake and risk of incident premenstrual syndrome","volume":"165","author":"Hankinson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.5114\/pm.2018.73791","article-title":"Isoflavones, calcium, vitamin D and inulin improve quality of life, sexual function, body composition and metabolic parameters in menopausal women: Result from a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study","volume":"17","author":"Vitale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Menopause Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.145607","article-title":"Vitamin D and calcium intake and risk of early menopause","volume":"105","author":"Whitcomb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7254.2008.00869.x","article-title":"Botanical characteristics, pharmacological effects and medicinal components of Korean Panax ginseng C A Meyer","volume":"29","author":"Choi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1539","article-title":"Panax ginseng","volume":"68","author":"Kiefer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.5142\/jgr.2012.36.3.225","article-title":"Ginseng in traditional herbal prescriptions","volume":"36","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(99)00212-9","article-title":"Ginseng pharmacology: Multiple constituents and multiple actions","volume":"58","author":"Attele","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(91)90193-H","article-title":"Anxiolytic activity of Panax ginseng roots: An experimental study","volume":"34","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.5142\/jgr.2013.37.261","article-title":"Ginseng saponins and the treatment of osteoporosis: Mini literature review","volume":"37","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2014.06.001","article-title":"Protective effect of Korean Red Ginseng against glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in vitro and in vivo","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1835","article-title":"Prevention of bone loss by Panax ginseng in a rat model of inflammation-induced bone loss","volume":"59","author":"Avsar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-010-0416-7","article-title":"Alleviation of ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats by Panax notoginseng saponins","volume":"64","author":"Shen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000471","article-title":"Panax notoginseng saponins mitigate ovariectomy-induced bone loss and inhibit marrow adiposity in rats","volume":"22","author":"Fan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1080\/10286020500246063","article-title":"Effect of 17\u03b2-oestradiol and ginsenoside on osteoporosis in ovariectomised rats","volume":"8","author":"Gong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1080\/08923970801949125","article-title":"Effect of ginseng mixture on osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.06.010","article-title":"Ginsenoside-Rb2 displays anti-osteoporosis effects through reducing oxidative damage and bone-resorbing cytokines during osteogenesis","volume":"66","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bei, J., Zhang, X., Wu, J., Hu, Z., Xu, B., Lin, S., Cui, L., Wu, T., and Zou, L. (2018). Ginsenoside Rb1 does not halt osteoporotic bone loss in ovariectomized rats. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202885"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-015-9414-4","article-title":"Brassicaceae: A rich source of health improving phytochemicals","volume":"14","author":"Avato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.08.010","article-title":"Quantification of glucosinolates, anthocyanins, free amino acids, and vitamin C in inbred lines of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.)","volume":"145","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"117","article-title":"White cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. alba): Botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological overview","volume":"16","author":"Sondi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1039\/b9ay00280d","article-title":"Glucosinolates, structures and analysis in food","volume":"2","author":"Clarke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2740340111","article-title":"Bitterness in Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera): The role of 126 glucosinolates and their breakdown products","volume":"34","author":"Fenwick","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"159","article-title":"Brassica vegetables and cancer prevention","volume":"472","author":"Verhoeven","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.9799\/ksfan.2012.25.2.259","article-title":"Determination of bioactive compounds and anti-cancer effect from extracts of Korean cabbage and cabbage","volume":"25","author":"Hwang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean J. Food Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.02.087","article-title":"Inflorescences of Brassicacea species as source of bioactive compounds: A comparative study","volume":"110","author":"Sousa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5110","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-014-1092-z","article-title":"Effect of garlic and cabbage on healing of gastric ulcer in experimental rats","volume":"23","author":"ElSawy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"149","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts of Brassica oleracea var. capitate rubra","volume":"3","author":"Ayshwarya","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Int. Acad. Res. Multidisciplin."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waghulde, S., Khan, N.A., Gorde, N., Kale, M., Naik, P., and Yewale, R.P. (2019). Comparative antimicrobial activity study of Brassica oleceracea. Proceedings, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ecsoc-22-05662"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-695X2006000300011","article-title":"Use of cabbage leaves (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) in the stabilization of bone mass after menopause","volume":"16","author":"Pereira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farm."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.09.008","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"142","author":"Tella","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21504","article-title":"The underlying pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches for osteoporosis","volume":"38","author":"Awasthi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-016-3534-6","article-title":"Teriparatide for osteoporosis: Importance of the full course","volume":"27","author":"Lindsay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1997.tb04292.x","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis: Does the future belong to hormone replacement therapy?","volume":"37","author":"Gibaldi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kilkenny, C., Browne, W.J., Cuthill, I.C., Emerson, M., and Altman, D.G. (2010). Improving bioscience research reporting: The ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research. PLoS Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000412"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Franciscis, P., Colacurci, N., Riemma, G., Conte, A., Pittana, E., Guida, M., Schiattarella, A., and Franciscis, D. (2019). A nutraceutical approach to menopausal complaints. Medicina, 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55090544"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.3109\/13697137.2014.985645","article-title":"Hormones, herbal preparations and nutriceuticals for a better life after the menopause: Part I","volume":"18","author":"Comhaire","year":"2015","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7827","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15057827","article-title":"Treatment with Panax ginseng antagonizes the estrogen decline in ovariectomized mice","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.12.017","article-title":"Effects of Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) on obesity and adipose inflammation in ovariectomized mice","volume":"178","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2015.05.056","article-title":"Panax notoginseng saponins suppress radiation-induced osteoporosis by regulating bone formation and resorption","volume":"22","author":"Wenxi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2012.03.022","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits osteoclastogenesis through down-regulation of NF-\u03baB, NFATc1 and c-Fos","volume":"50","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2009.04.054","article-title":"20(R)-ginsenoside Rh2, not 20(S), is a selective osteoclastgenesis inhibitor without any cytotoxicity","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2012.02.018","article-title":"Calorie restriction prevents the development of insulin resistance and impaired insulin signaling in skeletal muscle of ovariectomized rats","volume":"1822","author":"Prasannarong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, N., Sun, H., Yu, J., Wang, X., Liu, N., Zhao, L., Sun, L., Zhao, H., Tao, B., and Liu, J.-M. (2015). Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist Liraglutide has anabolic bone effects in ovariectomized rats without diabetes. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132744"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.09.029","article-title":"Efficacy and risk profile of anti-diabetic therapies: Conventional vs traditional drugs\u2014A mechanistic revisit to understand their mode of action","volume":"113","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.5142\/jgr.2012.36.1.27","article-title":"Ginseng and diabetes: The evidences from in vitro, animal and human studies","volume":"36","author":"Yuan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, J., Kim, T.-H., Choi, T.-Y., and Lee, M.S. (2013). Ginseng for health care: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials in Korean literature. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059978"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.01.044","article-title":"Anti-diabetic properties of different fractions of Korean red ginseng","volume":"236","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-004-0030-9","article-title":"Antidiabetic actions of estrogen: Insight from human and genetic mouse models","volume":"6","author":"Louet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Hou, X., Adeosun, S., Hill, R., Henry, S., Paul, I., Irwin, R.W., Ou, X.-M., Bigler, S., and Stockmeier, C. (2012). A dominant negative ER\u03b2 splice variant determines the effectiveness of early or late estrogen therapy after ovariectomy in rats. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033493"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.3109\/01443615.2016.1154516","article-title":"Changes of liver enzymes and triglyceride during the menopausal transition in Japanese women","volume":"36","author":"Matsui","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0086","article-title":"Alanine aminotransferase and directly measured insulin sensitivity in a multiethnic cohort: The insulin resistance atherosclerosis study","volume":"30","author":"Hanley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/8\/2415\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:59:30Z","timestamp":1760176770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/8\/2415"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12082415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12082415","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]}}}