{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T03:27:09Z","timestamp":1787887629754,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,15]],"date-time":"2020-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003549","name":"OTKA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K124558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K124558"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003549","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Development Agency of Hungary","award":["TIOP-1.3.1.-07\/2-2F-2009-2008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TIOP-1.3.1.-07\/2-2F-2009-2008"]}]},{"name":"Quest Nutrition","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N000141310062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N000141310062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nutritional ketosis has been proven effective for neurometabolic conditions and disorders linked to metabolic dysregulation. While inducing nutritional ketosis, ketogenic diet (KD) can improve motor performance in the context of certain disease states, but it is unknown whether exogenous ketone supplements\u2014alternatives to KDs\u2014may have similar effects. Therefore, we investigated the effect of ketone supplements on motor performance, using accelerating rotarod test and on postexercise blood glucose and R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-\u03b2HB) levels in rodent models with and without pathology. The effect of KD, butanediol (BD), ketone-ester (KE), ketone-salt (KS), and their combination (KE + KS: KEKS) or mixtures with medium chain triglyceride (MCT) (KE + MCT: KEMCT; KS + MCT: KSMCT) was tested in Sprague-Dawley (SPD) and WAG\/Rij (WR) rats and in GLUT-1 Deficiency Syndrome (G1D) mice. Motor performance was enhanced by KEMCT acutely, KE and KS subchronically in SPD rats, by KEKS and KEMCT groups in WR rats, and by KE chronically in G1D mice. We demonstrated that exogenous ketone supplementation improved motor performance to various degrees in rodent models, while effectively elevated R-\u03b2HB and in some cases offsets postexercise blood glucose elevations. Our results suggest that improvement of motor performance varies depending on the strain of rodents, specific ketone formulation, age, and exposure frequency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]],"date-time":"2020-08-17T04:35:51Z","timestamp":1597638951000},"page":"2459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Exogenous Ketone Supplements Improved Motor Performance in Preclinical Rodent Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8677-823X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Csilla","family":"Ari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA"},{"name":"Ketone Technologies, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2389-8194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cem","family":"Murdun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Goldhagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew P.","family":"Koutnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Ocala, FL 34471, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahil R.","family":"Bharwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4155-8687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Diamond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0144-2172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Kindy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"},{"name":"James A. Haley VA Medical Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"},{"name":"Shriners Hospital for Children, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9652-181X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominic P.","family":"D\u2019Agostino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ketone Technologies, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Ocala, FL 34471, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"Kovacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Savaria Department of Biology, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Savaria University Centre, K\u00e1rolyi G\u00e1sp\u00e1r t\u00e9r 4., 9700 Szombathely, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2017.05.019","article-title":"Neuroketotherapeutics: A modern review of a century-old therapy","volume":"117","author":"Koppel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurochem. 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